{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T10:37:05Z","timestamp":1767523025781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1604160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1604160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems significantly outperform small-scale MIMO systems in terms of data rate, making them an enabling technology for next-generation wireless systems. However, the increased number of antennas increases the computational difficulty of data detection, necessitating more efficient detection techniques. This paper presents a detector based on joint deregularized and box-constrained dichotomous coordinate descent (BOXDCD) with iterations for rectangular m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) symbols. Deregularization maximized the energy of the solution. With the box-constraint, the deregularization forces the solution to be close to the rectangular boundary set. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed detector achieves a considerable performance gain compared to existing detection algorithms. The performance advantage increases with the system size and signal-to-noise ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25030391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T02:57:38Z","timestamp":1677034658000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficient Massive MIMO Detection for M-QAM Symbols"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1049\/cmu2.12331","article-title":"Improved Gauss-Seidel detector for large-scale MIMO systems","volume":"16","author":"Khoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2475242","article-title":"Fifty years of MIMO detection: The road to large-scale MIMOs","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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