{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:34:51Z","timestamp":1778888091467,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ajman University Internal Research","award":["DGSR Ref. 2021-IRG-HBS-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGSR Ref. 2021-IRG-HBS-9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present an analysis of the pseudorapidity \u03b7 and transverse momentum pT distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions for the kinematic range of 0&lt;pT&lt;4 GeV\/c and |\u03b7|&lt;2.4 at 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV. Charged particles are produced in pp collision using several Monte Carlo event generators (Pythia Simple, Vincia, Dire showers, Sibyll2.3d, QGSJETII-04, EPOS-LHC) and compared with CMS data at LHC. It is observed that the Simple parton showers can explain the CMS data very well for pT&gt;1 GeV\/c at 0.9 and 2.36 TeV within the experimental errors, while Dire overshoots and Vicia undershoots the data by 50% each. At 7 TeV, the Dire module presents a good prediction, whereas the Simple and Vincia modules underestimate the data within 30% and 50%. Comparing the Simple module of the Pythia model and the predictions of the CRMC models with the experimental data shows that at 0.9 TeV, EPOS-LHC has better results than the others. At 2.36 GeV, the cosmic rays Monte Carlo (CRMC) models have better prediction than the Simple module of Pythia at low pT, while QGSJETII-04 predicts well at high pT. QGSJETII-04 and EPOS-LHC have closer results than the Pythia-Simple and Sibyll2.3d at 7 TeV. In the case of the pseudorapidity distributions, only the Pythia-Simple reproduced the experimental measurements at all energies. The Dire module overestimates, while Vincia underestimates the data in decreasing order of discrepancy (20%, 12%, 5%) with energy. All CRMC models underestimate the data over the entire \u03b7 range at all energies by 20%. The angular ordering of partons and the parton fragmentation could be possible reasons for this deviation. Furthermore, we used the two-component standard distribution to fit the pT spectra to the experimental data and extracted the effective temperature (Teff) and the multiplicity parameter (N0). It is observed that Teff increases with the increase in the center of mass energy. The fit yielded 0.20368\u00b10.01, 0.22348\u00b10.011, and 0.24128\u00b10.012 GeV for 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV, respectively. This shows that the system at higher energies freezes out earlier than lower ones because they quickly attain the equilibrium state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25030452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:22:05Z","timestamp":1678072925000},"page":"452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Charged Particles Transverse Momentum and Pseudorapidity Distribution in Hadronic Collisions at LHC Energies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ajaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd Al Karim","family":"Haj Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateen","family":"Ullah Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-128X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramoona","family":"Shehzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Adil Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atef","family":"AbdelKader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2799-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Waqas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-9807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmuez A.","family":"Dawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Nonlinear Dynamics Research Center (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1129-5783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzma","family":"Tabassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250098","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217732322500985","article-title":"Pseudorapidity distribution of energy density and distribution of charged particles in different categories of the final state in pp collisions at s = 13 TeV","volume":"37","author":"Ajaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. 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