{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:41:01Z","timestamp":1782355261240,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["306662\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306662\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["423008\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423008\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["APQ-0291-3.04\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-0291-3.04\/14"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Support of Science and Technology of the State of Pernambuco (FACEPE)","award":["306662\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306662\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Support of Science and Technology of the State of Pernambuco (FACEPE)","award":["423008\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423008\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Support of Science and Technology of the State of Pernambuco (FACEPE)","award":["APQ-0291-3.04\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-0291-3.04\/14"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)-Finance Code 001, Brazil","award":["306662\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306662\/2021-3"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)-Finance Code 001, Brazil","award":["423008\/2021-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423008\/2021-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)-Finance Code 001, Brazil","award":["APQ-0291-3.04\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-0291-3.04\/14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of digital signal processing tools, image contents can be easily manipulated or maliciously tampered with. Fragile watermarking has been largely used for content authentication purposes. This article presents a new proposal for image fragile watermarking algorithms for tamper detection and image recovery. The watermarked bits are obtained from the parity bits of an error-correcting code whose message is formed from a binary chaotic sequence (generated from a secret key known to all legitimate users) and from bits of the original image. Part of the codeword (the chaotic bits) is perfectly known to these users during the extraction phase, adding security and robustness to the watermarking method. The watermarked bits are inserted at specific sub-bands of the discrete wavelet transform of the original image and are used as authentication bits for the tamper detection process. The imperceptibility, detection, and recovery of this algorithm are tested for various common attacks over digital images. The proposed algorithm is analyzed for both grayscale and colored images. Comparison results reveal that the proposed technique performs better than some existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25030508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T02:59:26Z","timestamp":1679021966000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Fragile Image Watermarking Scheme in DWT Domain Using Chaotic Sequences and Error-Correcting Codes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Andy M.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Systems, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. P.","family":"Artiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Systems, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4345-4320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel P. 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