{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:46:55Z","timestamp":1770464815724,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2023-JC-QN-0689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0689"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["G2022WD01010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2022WD01010"]}]},{"name":"NWPU Research Fund for Young Scholars","award":["2023-JC-QN-0689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JC-QN-0689"]}]},{"name":"NWPU Research Fund for Young Scholars","award":["G2022WD01010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2022WD01010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a proactive risk management approach. Risk management under uncertainty with the FMEA method has attracted a lot of attention. The Dempster\u2013Shafer (D-S) evidence theory is a popular approximate reasoning theory for addressing uncertain information and it can be adopted in FMEA for uncertain information processing because of its flexibility and superiority in coping with uncertain and subjective assessments. The assessments coming from FMEA experts may include highly conflicting evidence for information fusion in the framework of D-S evidence theory. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an improved FMEA method based on the Gaussian model and D-S evidence theory to handle the subjective assessments of FMEA experts and apply it to deal with FMEA in the air system of an aero turbofan engine. First, we define three kinds of generalized scaling by Gaussian distribution characteristics to deal with potential highly conflicting evidence in the assessments. Then, we fuse expert assessments with the Dempster combination rule. Finally, we obtain the risk priority number to rank the risk level of the FMEA items. The experimental results show that the method is effective and reasonable in dealing with risk analysis in the air system of an aero turbofan engine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25050757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T03:00:28Z","timestamp":1683514828000},"page":"757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Failure Mode and Effects Analysis on the Air System of an Aero Turbofan Engine Using the Gaussian Model and Evidence Theory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2568-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongchuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deyun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2021.105653","article-title":"Fatigue life analysis of an aircraft brake component to prevent damage and ensure operational safety","volume":"129","author":"Korba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.126765","article-title":"Energy, exergy, economic, environmental, and sustainability assessments of the CFM56-3 series turbofan engine used in the aviation sector","volume":"269","author":"Korba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2900143","article-title":"An approach on MCSA-based fault detection using independent component analysis and neural networks","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguayo-Tapia, S., Avalos-Almazan, G., Rangel-Magdaleno, J.d.J., and Paternina, M.R. (2023). Broken Bar Fault Detection Using Taylor\u2013Fourier Filters and Statistical Analysis. Entropy, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/e25010044"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.09.033","article-title":"A developed failure mode and effect analysis for floating offshore wind turbine support structures","volume":"164","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05350-3","article-title":"Risk evaluation in failure modes and effects analysis: Hybrid TOPSIS and ELECTRE I solutions with Pythagorean fuzzy information","volume":"33","author":"Akram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107425","article-title":"Consensus and opinion evolution-based failure mode and effect analysis approach for reliability management in social network and uncertainty contexts","volume":"208","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107501","article-title":"Food quality and safety risk diagnosis in the food cold chain through failure mode and effect analysis","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.10.081","article-title":"Method of aircraft fuel tank system ignition source fail-safe feature analysis","volume":"17","author":"Yanjun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.08.028","article-title":"Fuzzy-based failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) of a hybrid molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and gas turbine system for marine propulsion","volume":"364","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Guo, X., and Zhang, L. (2019). An improved assessment method for FMEA for a shipboard integrated electric propulsion system using fuzzy logic and DEMATEL theory. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12163162"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.2607","article-title":"Fuzzy smart failure modes and effects analysis to improve safety performance of system: Case study of an aircraft landing system","volume":"36","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103451","article-title":"Data-driven failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to enhance maintenance planning","volume":"129","author":"Filz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106134","article-title":"Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) for risk assessment based on interval type-2 fuzzy evidential reasoning method","volume":"89","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.13111\/2066-8201.2021.13.4.17","article-title":"Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for a military nose landing gear project","volume":"13","author":"Nicolin","year":"2021","journal-title":"INCAS Bull."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"14","article-title":"Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) of pneumatic system of cnc milling machine","volume":"65","author":"Dwianda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ocean. Mech. Aerosp.-Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fidan, M.A., G\u00fcrg\u00fcl, U., and Ak\u0131n, Z.E. (2020, January 14\u201316). FMEA-FMECA the application of analysis on electronic circuit. Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE), Antalya, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEE49618.2020.9102554"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05605-8","article-title":"A modified failure modes and effects analysis using interval-valued spherical fuzzy extension of TOPSIS method: Case study in a marble manufacturing facility","volume":"25","author":"Gul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121907","article-title":"Risk assessment of renewable energy investments: A modified failure mode and effect analysis based on prospect theory and intuitionistic fuzzy AHP","volume":"239","author":"Ilbahar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.06.009","article-title":"An extension to fuzzy developed failure mode and effects analysis (FDFMEA) application for aircraft landing system","volume":"98","author":"Yazdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-202765","article-title":"An integrated FMEA approach using Best-Worst and MARCOS methods based on D numbers for prioritization of failures","volume":"41","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2019.2955916","article-title":"A new model for failure mode and effect analysis integrating linguistic Z-numbers and projection method","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104967","article-title":"Risk assessment by failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) using an interval number based logistic regression model","volume":"132","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.109261","article-title":"A failure analysis of floating offshore wind turbines using AHP-FMEA methodology","volume":"234","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-020-04757-3","article-title":"An integrated fuzzy-genetic failure mode and effect analysis for aircraft wing reliability","volume":"24","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/qre.2563","article-title":"An interval probability-based FMEA model for risk assessment: A real-world case","volume":"36","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-015-0661-2","article-title":"Generalized evidence theory","volume":"43","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2019.09.006","article-title":"Evidence updating with static and dynamical performance analyses for industrial alarm system design","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2019.05.003","article-title":"Basic belief assignment approximations using degree of non-redundancy for focal element","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2020.01.004","article-title":"On properties of a new decomposable entropy of Dempster-Shafer belief functions","volume":"119","author":"Shenoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-3006-9","article-title":"Uncertainty measure in evidence theory","volume":"63","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.2985332","article-title":"Combination of Classifiers With Different Frames of Discernment Based on Belief Functions","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.12.037","article-title":"Evidence reasoning rule-based classifier with uncertainty quantification","volume":"516","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.2995862","article-title":"Combination of Transferable Classification With Multisource Domain Adaptation Based on Evidential Reasoning","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2017.09.008","article-title":"SELP: Semi\u2013supervised evidential label propagation algorithm for graph data clustering","volume":"92","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-019-01576-4","article-title":"Belief-peaks clustering based on fuzzy label propagation","volume":"50","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109937","article-title":"TECM: Transfer learning-based evidential c-means clustering","volume":"257","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s40815-019-00746-3","article-title":"Comparison of evidential reasoning algorithm with linear combination in decision making","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.08.012","article-title":"Multiple criteria group decision making with belief distributions and distributed preference relations","volume":"273","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.08.088","article-title":"Conflicting evidence combination from the perspective of networks","volume":"580","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-020-3045-5","article-title":"Self-adaptive combination method for temporal evidence based on negotiation strategy","volume":"63","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Chen, Y., and Zhou, D. (2022). Measuring Uncertainty in the Negation Evidence for Multi-Source Information Fusion. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/e24111596"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106355","article-title":"An extended best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method by belief functions and its applications in hospital service evaluation","volume":"142","author":"Fei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"N\u00fanez, R.C., Dabarera, R., Scheutz, M., Briggs, G., Bueno, O., Premaratne, K., and Murthi, M.N. (2013, January 9\u201312). DS-based uncertain implication rules for inference and fusion applications. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information FUSION, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.04.042","article-title":"An evidence theory based model fusion method for degradation modeling and statistical analysis","volume":"532","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2018.07.015","article-title":"Evidence theory-based reliability optimization design using polynomial chaos expansion","volume":"341","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2016.10.017","article-title":"Dempster-Shafer evidence theory for multi-bearing faults diagnosis","volume":"57","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2018.07.006","article-title":"Evidence-theory-based model validation method for heat transfer system with epistemic uncertainty","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62314","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2876282","article-title":"Collaborative Fusion for Distributed Target Classification Using Evidence Theory in IOT Environment","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2018.2800014","article-title":"Multisensor fault diagnosis modeling based on the evidence theory","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5644-2","article-title":"Novel data fusion algorithm based on event-driven and Dempster\u2013Shafer evidence theory","volume":"100","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19879","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05116-y","article-title":"Water quality prediction based on recurrent neural network and improved evidence theory: A case study of Qiantang River, China","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2018.04.033","article-title":"An efficient epistemic uncertainty analysis method using evidence theory","volume":"339","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51550","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2979605","article-title":"A novel measure of uncertainty in the Dempster-Shafer theory","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, C., Zhang, D., Pu, L., Wang, X., Liu, Q., and Yang, R. (2018, January 6\u20138). The Application of Uncertainty Algorithm in Electric Power System. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/POWERCON.2018.8601752"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2016.10.018","article-title":"A Dempster-Shafer Theory-based approach to the Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) under epistemic uncertainty: Application to the propulsion system of a fishing vessel","volume":"159","author":"Certa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79579","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2923064","article-title":"A new failure mode and effects analysis method based on Dempster\u2013Shafer theory by integrating evidential network","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sezer, S.I., Ceylan, B.O., Akyuz, E., and Arslan, O. (2022). DS evidence based FMECA approach to assess potential risks in ballast water system (BWS) on-board tanker ship. J. Ocean. Eng. Sci.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joes.2022.06.040"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7163","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-022-07560-4","article-title":"An Improved Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Method Using Belief Jensen\u2013Shannon Divergence and Entropy Measure in the Evidence Theory","volume":"48","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177698950","article-title":"Upper and Lower Probabilities Induced by a Multi-valued Mapping","volume":"38","author":"Dempster","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafer, G. (1976). A Mathematical Theory of Evidence, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691214696"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.010","article-title":"Risk evaluation approaches in failure mode and effects analysis: A literature review","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.06.055","article-title":"Failure mode and effect analysis using multi-criteria decision making methods: A systematic literature review","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2008.09.009","article-title":"An integrated structural framework to cost-based FMECA: The priority-cost FMECA","volume":"94","author":"Carmignani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaynes, E.T. (2003). Probability Theory: The Logic of Science, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790423"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X.H., Wen, D., Li, R.G., Chen, Z.Z., Huang, H.Z., and Lv, Z. (2013, January 15\u201318). A model to predict the residual life of aero-engine based upon Support Vector Machine. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (QR2MSE), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/QR2MSE.2013.6625946"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, D., Wu, X.H., Ling, D., Chen, Z.Z., and Wang, H. (2013, January 15\u201318). Application of dempster-shafer evidence theory in fault diagnosis of aero-engine gas path. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering (QR2MSE), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/QR2MSE.2013.6625943"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2018.11.004","article-title":"Improvement of risk assessment in the FMEA using nonlinear model, revised fuzzy TOPSIS, and support vector machine","volume":"69","author":"Mangeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/5\/757\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:30:35Z","timestamp":1760124635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/5\/757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["e25050757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25050757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]]}}}