{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:32:12Z","timestamp":1781281932429,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation"},{"name":"European Union (EU)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aftershocks of earthquakes can destroy many urban infrastructures and exacerbate the damage already inflicted upon weak structures. Therefore, it is important to have a method to forecast the probability of occurrence of stronger earthquakes in order to mitigate their effects. In this work, we applied the NESTORE machine learning approach to Greek seismicity from 1995 to 2022 to forecast the probability of a strong aftershock. Depending on the magnitude difference between the mainshock and the strongest aftershock, NESTORE classifies clusters into two types, Type A and Type B. Type A clusters are the most dangerous clusters, characterized by a smaller difference. The algorithm requires region-dependent training as input and evaluates performance on an independent test set. In our tests, we obtained the best results 6 h after the mainshock, as we correctly forecasted 92% of clusters corresponding to 100% of Type A clusters and more than 90% of Type B clusters. These results were also obtained thanks to an accurate analysis of cluster detection in a large part of Greece. The successful overall results show that the algorithm can be applied in this area. The approach is particularly attractive for seismic risk mitigation due to the short time required for forecasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25050797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:33:01Z","timestamp":1684139581000},"page":"797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Forecasting Strong Subsequent Earthquakes in Greece with the Machine Learning Algorithm NESTORE"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Eleni-Apostolia","family":"Anyfadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Geophysics-Geothermics, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Physics of Earth\u2019s Interior and Geohazards, UNESCO Chair on Solid Earth Physics and Geohazards Risk Reduction, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research & Innovation Center, 73133 Chania, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-7883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Gentili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics-OGS, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-2900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Brondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics-OGS, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippos","family":"Vallianatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Geophysics-Geothermics, Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Physics of Earth\u2019s Interior and Geohazards, UNESCO Chair on Solid Earth Physics and Geohazards Risk Reduction, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research & Innovation Center, 73133 Chania, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2792","article-title":"Seismic risk assessment considering cumulative damage due to aftershocks","volume":"46","author":"Jalayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.2478","article-title":"Aftershock collapse vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete frame structures","volume":"44","author":"Raghunandan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0438-y","article-title":"Deep learning of aftershock patterns following large earthquakes","volume":"560","author":"DeVries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anyfadi, E.-A., Avgerinou, S.-E., Michas, G., and Vallianatos, F. (2022). Universal Non-Extensive Statistical Physics Temporal Pattern of Major Subduction Zone Aftershock Sequences. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/e24121850"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Papazachos, B.C., and Papazachou, C. (2003). The Earthquakes of Greece, Ziti Publications."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avgerinou, S.-E., Anyfadi, E.-A., Michas, G., and Vallianatos, F. (2023). A Non-Extensive Statistical Physics View of the Temporal Properties of the Recent Aftershock Sequences of Strong Earthquakes in Greece. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13031995"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Tsapanos, T. (2008). Earthquake Monitoring and Seismic Hazard Mitigation in Balkan Countries, Springer."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8141(00)00118-8","article-title":"The AD 365 Crete Earthquake and Possible Seismic Clustering During the Fourth to Sixth Centuries AD in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Review of Historical and Archaeological Data","volume":"23","author":"Stiros","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-5-717-2005","article-title":"1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis","volume":"5","author":"Altinok","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"723","article-title":"Historical earthquake investigations in Greece","volume":"47","author":"Kouskouna","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1994.tb02474.x","article-title":"The 1953 earthquake in Cephalonia (Western Hellenic Arc): Coastal uplift and halotectonic faulting","volume":"117","author":"Stiros","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/13632469909350351","article-title":"The Aigio (Greece) seismic sequence of June 1995: Seismological, strong motion data and effects of the earthquakes on structures","volume":"3","author":"Lekidis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Earthq. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Mavroulis, S., Fountoulis, I., and Lekkas, L. (2010, January 5\u201310). Environmental effects caused by the Andravida (08-06-2008, ML = 6.5, NW Peloponnese, Greece) earthquake. Proceedings of the 11th IAEG, Auckland, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8610","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012052","article-title":"Fault slip source models for the 2014 Mw 6.9 Samothraki-G\u00f6k\u00e7eada earthquake (North Aegean trough) combining geodetic and seismological observations","volume":"120","author":"Saltogianni","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geoph. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11600-021-00579-5","article-title":"Scaling properties of the Mw7.0 Samos (Greece), 2020 aftershock sequence","volume":"69","author":"Vallianatos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geophys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-021-10070-9","article-title":"Aftershock patterns of the 2021 Mw 6.3 Northern Thessaly (Greece) earthquake","volume":"26","author":"Michas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Seism."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallianatos, F., Karakonstantis, A., Michas, G., Pavlou, K., Kouli, M., and Sakkas, V. (2022). On the patterns and scaling properties of the 2021\u20132022 Arkalochori earthquake sequence (Central Crete, Greece) Based on Seismological, Geophysical and Satellite Observations. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12157716"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2022.106879","article-title":"Forecasting strong subsequent earthquakes in California clusters by machine learning","volume":"327","author":"Gentili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00876232","article-title":"Prediction of the Occurrence of Related Strong Earthquakes in Italy","volume":"141","author":"Vorobieva","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11958-4","article-title":"Forecasting the magnitude of the largest expected earthquake","volume":"10","author":"Shcherbakov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018186","article-title":"B\u00e5th\u2019s law derived from the Gutenberg-Richter law and from aftershock properties","volume":"30","author":"Helmstetter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1785\/0220190307","article-title":"Pseudoprospective evaluation of the foreshock traffic light system in Ridgecrest and implications for aftershock hazard assessment","volume":"91","author":"Gulia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.09.007","article-title":"B\u00e5th\u2019s law and its relation to the tectonic environment: A case study for earthquakes in Mexico","volume":"687","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L04301","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL050604","article-title":"The largest aftershock: How strong, how far away, how delayed?","volume":"39","author":"Tahir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2020.106483","article-title":"Forecasting strong aftershocks in earthquake clusters from northeastern Italy and western Slovenia","volume":"303","author":"Gentili","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentili, S., Brondi, P., and Di Giovambattista, R. (2023). NESTOREv1.0: A MATLAB Package for Strong Forthcoming Earthquake Forecasting. Seismol. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1785\/0220220327"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pepi.2017.02.011","article-title":"Pattern recognition approach to the subsequent event of damaging earthquakes in Italy","volume":"266","author":"Gentili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papanikolaou, D.I. (2021). The geology of Greece, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60731-9"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145181","article-title":"Isotopic range of bioavailable strontium on the Peloponnese peninsula, Greece: A multi-proxy approach","volume":"774","author":"Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2007.06.015","article-title":"Tectonic geomorphology of the easternmost extension of the Gulf of Corinth (Beotia, Central Greece)","volume":"453","author":"Tsodoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3971","article-title":"Geology and tectonics: Sterea Hellas area","volume":"5","author":"Mariolakos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Geol. Environ. Mar. Koukis Tsiambaos Stournaras"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Alexakis, D., Astaras, T., Sarris, A., Vouzaxakis, K., and Karimali, L. (2008). Reconstructing the neolithic landscape of Thessaly through a GIS and geological approach. Reconstr. Anc. Landsc. Veg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-764904-077","article-title":"Age and origin of granitic rocks of the eastern Vardar Zone, Greece: New constraints on the evolution of the Internal Hellenides","volume":"162","author":"Anders","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2022.104714","article-title":"Semi-automated geological mapping and target generation from geochemical and magnetic data in Halkidiki region, Greec","volume":"142","author":"Piippo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Higgins, M.D. (2009). Geology of the Greek Islands, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2011.604798","article-title":"Modelling of erosional processes in the Ionian Islands (Greece), Geomatics","volume":"3","author":"Evelpidou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassaras, I., Kapetanidis, V., Ganas, A., Tzanis, A., Kosma, C., Karakonstantis, A., Valkaniotis, S., Chailas, S., Kouskouna, V., and Papadimitriou, P. (2020). The New Seismotectonic Atlas of Greece (v1.0) and Its Implementation. Geosciences, 10.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu2020-2220"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-1135-6","article-title":"Environmental research of groundwater in the urban and suburban areas of Attica region, Greece","volume":"56","author":"Bathrellos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Env. Geol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavoularis, N., Papathanassiou, G., Ganas, A., and Argyrakis, P. (2021). Development of the Landslide Susceptibility Map of Attica Region, Greece, Based on the Method of Rock Engineering System. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10020148"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valkanou, K., Karymbalis, E., Papanastassiou, D., Soldati, M., Chalkias, C., and Gaki-Papanastassiou, K. (2021). Assessment of Neotectonic Landscape Deformation in Evia Island, Greece, Using GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10030118"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.12681\/bgsg.27225","article-title":"The northern Thessaly strong earthquakes of March 3 and 4, 2021, and their neotectonic setting","volume":"58","author":"Chatzipetros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2022.101898","article-title":"Seismotectonic analysis of the 2021 Damasi-Tyrnavos (Thessaly, Central Greece) earthquake sequence and implications on the stress field rotations","volume":"150","author":"Kassaras","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolakopoulos, K.G., Koukouvelas, I.K., and Lampropoulou, P. (2022). UAV, GIS, and Petrographic Analysis for Beachrock Mapping and Preliminary Analysis in the Compressional Geotectonic Setting of Epirus, Western Greece. Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12040392"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, July 28). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Seismological Network. Available online: http:\/\/geophysics.geo.auth.gr\/the_seisnet\/WEBSITE_2005\/station_index_en.html."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bountzis, P., Papadimitriou, E., and Tsaklidis, G. (2022). Identification and Temporal Characteristics of Earthquake Clusters in Selected Areas in Greece. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12041908"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-022-03135-4","article-title":"The Intense 2020\u20132021 Earthquake Swarm in Corinth Gulf: Cluster Analysis and Seismotectonic Implications from High Resolution Microseismicity","volume":"179","author":"Papadimitriou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggv249","article-title":"The 2013 earthquake swarm in Helike, Greece: Seismic activity at the root of old normal faults","volume":"202","author":"Kapetanidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1785\/0320210021","article-title":"The Western Gulf of Corinth (Greece) 2020\u20132021 Seismic Crisis and Cascading Events: First Results from the Corinth Rift Laboratory Network","volume":"1","author":"Kaviris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seism. Rec."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassilakis, E., Kaviris, G., Kapetanidis, V., Papageorgiou, E., Foumelis, M., Konsolaki, A., Petrakis, S., Evangelidis, C.P., Alexopoulos, J., and Karastathis, V. (2022). The 27 September 2021 Earthquake in Central Crete (Greece)-Detailed Analysis of the Earthquake Sequence and Indications for Contemporary Arc-Parallel Extension to the Hellenic Arc. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12062815"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-009-9170-2","article-title":"Seismicity at the convergent plate boundary offshore Crete, Greece, observed by an amphibian network","volume":"14","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Seism."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u0327emen, I., and Y\u0131lmaz, Y. (2017). Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, American Geophysical Union. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118944998"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001TC901037","article-title":"Fault structure and related basins of the North Aegean Sea and its surroundings","volume":"21","author":"Koukouvelas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Sboras, S. (2011). The Greek Database of Seismogenic Sources: Seismotectonic Implications for North Greece. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ferrara]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1130\/B30492.1","article-title":"Structural decoupling in a convergent forearc setting (Southern Crete, Eastern Mediterranean)","volume":"124","author":"Kokinou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(90)90096-G","article-title":"Premonitory activation of earthquake flow: Algorithm M8","volume":"61","author":"Kossobokov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(90)90095-F","article-title":"Diagnosis of Time of Increased Probability of strong earthquakes in different regions of the world: Algorithm CN","volume":"61","author":"Rotwain","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9201(98)00160-5","article-title":"Prediction of a subsequent large earthquake","volume":"111","author":"Vorobieva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018111","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018111","article-title":"What controls variations in aftershock productivity?","volume":"125","author":"Brodsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17841-x","article-title":"Clustering earthquake signals and background noises in continuous seismic data with unsupervised deep learning","volume":"11","author":"Seydoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2023.113346","article-title":"Identifying lightning structures via machine learning","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Van Stiphout, T., Zhuang, J., and Marsan, D. (2023, February 28). Seismicity Declustering, Community Online Resource for Statistical Analysis. Available online: http:\/\/www.corssa.org."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1997.633847","article-title":"Neuro-fuzzy and soft computing-a computational approach to learning and machine intelligence","volume":"42","author":"Jang","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Olshen, R.A., and Stone, C.J. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Gentili, S., Brondi, P., Rossi, G., Venturini, E., and Di Giovambattista, R. (2021). The Italy-Japan Project \u201cAnalysis of Seismic Sequences for Strong Aftershock Forecasting\u201d, Centro di Ricerche Sismologiche-Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (CRS-OGS)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Bailer-Jones, C.A.L., and Smith, K. (2022, May 11). Combining probabilities. Available online: https:\/\/www.mpia.de\/3432751\/probcomb_TN.pdf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0640051363","article-title":"Is the sequence of earthquakes in Southern California, with aftershocks removed, Poissonian?","volume":"64","author":"Gardner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023588007122","article-title":"Aftershocks hazard in Italy Part I: Estimation of time-magnitude distribution model parameters and computation of probabilities of occurrence","volume":"7","author":"Lolli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Seismol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10950-007-9075-x","article-title":"The partitioning of radiated energy and the largest aftershock of seismic sequences occurred in the northeastern Italy and western Slovenia","volume":"12","author":"Gentili","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Seism."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"21","article-title":"Characteristics of northern and central California seismicity","volume":"57","author":"Uhrhammer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Earthq. Notes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246x.2002.01594.x","article-title":"Seismic moment distribution revisited: I. Statistical results","volume":"148","author":"Kagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190241297","article-title":"The magnitude distribution of declustered earthquakes in Southern California","volume":"97","author":"Knopoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2016.05.031","article-title":"Left-lateral shear inside the North Gulf of Evia Rift, Central Greece evidenced by relocated earthquake sequences and moment tensor inversion","volume":"682","author":"Ganas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.72.3.373","article-title":"A Software Package to Analyze Seismicity: ZMAP","volume":"72","author":"Wiemer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Gholamy, A., Kreinovich, V., and Kosheleva, O. (2018). Why 70\/30 or 80\/20 Relation Between Training and Testing Sets: A Pedagogical Explanation. Dep. Tech. Rep. UTEP-CS-18-09, 1209. Available online: https:\/\/scholarworks.utep.edu\/cs_techrep\/1209."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s41664-018-0068-2","article-title":"On Splitting Training and Validation Set: A Comparative Study of Cross-Validation, Bootstrap and Systematic Sampling for Estimating the Generalization Performance of Supervised Learning","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Test."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Di Giovambattista, R., and Tyupkin, Y.S. (2002, January 1\u20136). Burst of aftershocks as a manifestation of instability of the earth crust in an area of strong earthquake preparation. Proceedings of the European Seismological Commission (ESC), XXVIII General Assembly, Genoa, Italy."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0460020105","article-title":"Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy, and acceleration: (Second paper)","volume":"46","author":"Gutenberg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/5\/797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:34:30Z","timestamp":1760124870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/5\/797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["e25050797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25050797","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]}}}