{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:24:38Z","timestamp":1771467878955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT)","award":["2020-0-00890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0-00890"]}]},{"name":"Korean government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT)","award":["NIA III-RBI-D-22066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA III-RBI-D-22066"]}]},{"name":"MSIT, Korea","award":["2020-0-00890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0-00890"]}]},{"name":"MSIT, Korea","award":["NIA III-RBI-D-22066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA III-RBI-D-22066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper demonstrates the use of software-defined networking (SDN) orchestration to integrate regionally separated networks in which different network parts use incompatible key management systems (KMSs) managed by different SDN controllers to ensure end-to-end QKD service provisioning to deliver the QKD keys between geographically different QKD networks. The study focuses on scenarios in which different parts of the network are managed separately by different SDN controllers, requiring an SDN orchestrator to coordinate and manage these controllers. In practical network deployments, operators often utilize multiple vendors for their network equipment. This practice also enables the expansion of the QKD network\u2019s coverage by interconnecting various QKD networks equipped with devices from different vendors. However, as coordinating different parts of the QKD network is a complex task, this paper proposes the implementation of an SDN orchestrator which acts as a central entity to manage multiple SDN controllers, ensuring end-to-end QKD service provisioning to address this challenge. For instance, when there are multiple border nodes to interconnect different networks, the SDN orchestrator calculates the path in advance for the end-to-end delivery of keys between initiating and target applications belonging to different networks. This path selection requires the SDN orchestrator to gather information from each SDN controller managing the respective parts of the QKD network. This work shows the practical implementation of SDN orchestration for interoperable KMS in commercial QKD networks in South Korea. By employing an SDN orchestrator, it becomes possible to coordinate multiple SDN controllers and ensure the efficient and secure delivery of QKD keys between different QKD networks with varying vendor equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25060943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1686884073000},"page":"943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Software-Defined Networking Orchestration for Interoperable Key Management of Quantum Key Distribution Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dong-Hi","family":"Sim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SK Telecom, Seoul 04539, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jongyoon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SK Telecom, Seoul 04539, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Min Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SK Telecom, Seoul 04539, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/7\/075001","article-title":"The SECOQC quantum key distribution network in Vienna","volume":"11","author":"Peev","year":"2009","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/quantum2030032","article-title":"Demonstration of Software Defined Network Services Utilizing Quantum Key Distribution Fully Integrated with Standard Telecommunication Network","volume":"2","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quantum Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasari, V.R., Sadlier, R.J., Prout, R., Williams, B.P., and Humble, T.S. (2016, January 17\u201321). Programmable Multi-Node Quantum Network Design and Simulation. Proceedings of the SPIE, Quantum Information and Computation, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2234697"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Zhao, Y., and Nag, A. (2019). Quantum-Key-Distribution (QKD) Networks Enabled by Software-Defined Networks (SDN). Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9102081"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800763","article-title":"The Engineering of a SDN Quantum Key Distribution Network","volume":"57","author":"Aguado","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022). Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Control Interface for Software Defined Networks (Standard No. ETSI GS QKD 015 (V2.1.1))."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2010). YANG\u2014A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) (Standard No. IETF RFC 6020 (October 2010))."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2016). The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language (Standard No. IETF RFC 7950 (August 2016))."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2011). Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) (Standard No. IETF RFC 6241 (June 2011))."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2017). RESTCONF Protocol (Standard No. IETF RFC 8040 (January 2017))."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022). Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Orchestration Interface for Software Defined Networks (Standard No. ETSI GS QKD 018 (V1.1.1))."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2019). Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Protocol and Data Format of REST-Based Key Delivery API (Standard No. ETSI GS QKD 014 (V1.1.1))."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2020). Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Application Interface (Standard No. ETSI GS QKD 004 (V2.1.1))."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2023). Quantum Key Distribution (QKD); Protocol and Data Format of REST-Based Interoperable Key Management System API (Standard No. ETSI GS QKD 020 Draft)."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/6\/943\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:55:42Z","timestamp":1760126142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/6\/943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["e25060943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25060943","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]}}}