{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:18:46Z","timestamp":1760149126444,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Supporting Project Number","award":["RSPD2023R585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R585"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSPD2023R585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R585"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we design constant modulus waveforms for dual-function radar-communication (DFRC) systems based on a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) configuration of sensors for a far-field scenario. At first, we formulate a non-convex optimization problem subject to waveform synthesis for minimizing the interference power while maintaining a constant modulus constraint. Next, we solve this non-convex problem, iteratively, using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm. Importantly, the designed waveforms approximate a desired beampattern in terms of a high-gain radar beam and a slightly high gain communication beam while maintaining a desired low sidelobe level. The designed waveforms ensure an improved detection probability and an improved bit error rate (BER) for radar and communications parts, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulation results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25071027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T01:41:36Z","timestamp":1688694096000},"page":"1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers-Based Constant Modulus Waveform Design for Dual-Function Radar-Communication Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Saleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7361-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Basit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2504-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Fahad","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Athar","family":"Waseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Wasim","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Aqdas Naveed","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44100, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman A.","family":"AlQahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 51178, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5532-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amil","family":"Daraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}]},{"given":"Pranavkumar","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Continuing Studies, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetto, F., Mastroeni, L., and Quaresima, G. (2021, January 26\u201328). Auction-based Theory for Dynamic Spectrum Access: A Review. Proceedings of the 2021 44th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Brno, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP52935.2021.9522600"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chapin, J., and Lehr, W. (2011). 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