{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:22:13Z","timestamp":1760149333030,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US NSF EAGER","award":["CCF-2221345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-2221345"]}]},{"name":"Santa Fe Institute","award":["CCF-2221345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-2221345"]}]},{"name":"MIT Media Lab Consortium","award":["CCF-2221345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-2221345"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many dynamical systems consist of multiple, co-evolving subsystems (i.e., they have multiple degrees of freedom). Often, the dynamics of one or more of these subsystems will not directly depend on the state of some other subsystems, resulting in a network of dependencies governing the dynamics. How does this dependency network affect the full system\u2019s thermodynamics? Prior studies on the stochastic thermodynamics of multipartite processes have addressed this question by assuming that, in addition to the constraints of the dependency network, only one subsystem is allowed to change state at a time. However, in many real systems, such as chemical reaction networks or electronic circuits, multiple subsystems can\u2014or must\u2014change state together. Here, we investigate the thermodynamics of such composite processes, in which multiple subsystems are allowed to change state simultaneously. We first present new, strictly positive lower bounds on entropy production in composite processes. We then present thermodynamic uncertainty relations for information flows in composite processes. We end with strengthened speed limits for composite processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25071078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:31:32Z","timestamp":1689643892000},"page":"1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stochastic Thermodynamics of Multiple Co-Evolving Systems\u2014Beyond Multipartite Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Farita","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Wolpert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA"},{"name":"Complexity Science Hub, Josefstadter Stra\u00dfe 39, 1080 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Bio-Social Complex Systems, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"},{"name":"International Center for Theoretical Physics, 34151 Trieste, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P03006","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2015\/03\/P03006","article-title":"Multipartite information flow for multiple Maxwell demons","volume":"2015","author":"Horowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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