{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T07:16:56Z","timestamp":1761808616997,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guizhou University","award":["(2021) 30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2021) 30"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a lightweight and adaptable trust mechanism for the issue of trust evaluation among Internet of Things devices, considering challenges such as limited device resources and trust attacks. Firstly, we propose a trust evaluation approach based on Bayesian statistics and J\u00f8sang\u2019s belief model to quantify a device\u2019s trustworthiness, where evaluators can freely initialize and update trust data with feedback from multiple sources, avoiding the bias of a single message source. It balances the accuracy of estimations and algorithm complexity. Secondly, considering that a trust estimation should reflect a device\u2019s latest status, we propose a forgetting algorithm to ensure that trust estimations can sensitively perceive changes in device status. Compared with conventional methods, it can automatically set its parameters to gain good performance. Finally, to prevent trust attacks from misleading evaluators, we propose a tango algorithm to curb trust attacks and a hypothesis testing-based trust attack detection mechanism. We corroborate the proposed trust mechanism\u2019s performance with simulation, whose results indicate that even if challenged by many colluding attackers that can exploit different trust attacks in combination, it can produce relatively accurate trust estimations, gradually exclude attackers, and quickly restore trust estimations for normal devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25081198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1691749216000},"page":"1198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Lightweight Trust Mechanism with Attack Detection for IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xujie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, College of Computer Science and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinchuan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, College of Computer Science and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuping","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2978-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaojie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5G\/6G Innovation Center, Institute for Communication Systems, University of Surrey, Guidford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06407-w","article-title":"IoT technology, applications and challenges: A contemporary survey","volume":"108","author":"Balaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2014.6821746","article-title":"Trust management mechanism for Internet of Things","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gambetta, D. (2000). Can we trust trust. Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Department of Sociology, University of Oxford."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82721","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924045","article-title":"A survey on IoT security: Application areas, security threats, and solution architectures","volume":"7","author":"Hassija","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.02.024","article-title":"Trust models of Internet of Smart Things: A survey, open issues, and future directions","volume":"137","author":"Altaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.07.010","article-title":"The social Internet of Things (SIoT)\u2014When social networks meet the Internet of Things: Concept, architecture and network characterization","volume":"56","author":"Atzori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafer, G. (1976). A Mathematical Theory of Evidence, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691214696"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1362542.1362546","article-title":"Reputation-based framework for high integrity sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Ganeriwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raya, M., Papadimitratos, P., Gligor, V.D., and Hubaux, J.P. (2008, January 13\u201318). On data-centric trust establishment in ephemeral ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2008-the 27th Conference on Computer Communications, Phoenix, Arizona.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2008.180"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2014.2313865","article-title":"Security enhancements for mobile ad hoc networks with trust management using uncertain reasoning","volume":"63","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2494017","article-title":"ART: An attack-resistant trust management scheme for securing vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2018.2815280","article-title":"Towards Bayesian-based trust management for insider attacks in healthcare software-defined networks","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.004","article-title":"BTEM: Belief based trust evaluation mechanism for wireless sensor networks","volume":"96","author":"Anwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15619","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2733225","article-title":"A secure trust model based on fuzzy logic in vehicular ad hoc networks with fog computing","volume":"5","author":"Soleymani","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600502CM","article-title":"A trust cloud model for underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2015.2420552","article-title":"Trust-based service management for social Internet of Things systems","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21159","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2968948","article-title":"StabTrust: A stable and centralized trust-based clustering mechanism for IoT enabled vehicular ad-hoc networks","volume":"8","author":"Awan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dedeoglu, V., Jurdak, R., Putra, G.D., Dorri, A., and Kanhere, S.S. (2019, January 12\u201314). A trust architecture for blockchain in IoT. Proceedings of the 16th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3360774.3360822"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119961","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005541","article-title":"Blockchain and trust for secure, end-user-based and decentralized IoT service provision","volume":"8","author":"Shala","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Dedeoglu, V., Kanhere, S.S., and Jurdak, R. (2019, January 14\u201317). Trustchain: Trust management in blockchain and IoT supported supply chains. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00032"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.05.008","article-title":"HIDE-Healthcare IoT data trust managEment: Attribute centric intelligent privacy approach","volume":"148","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2022.09.035","article-title":"Efficient and trusted autonomous vehicle routing protocol for 6G networks with computational intelligence","volume":"132","author":"Haseeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2021.100382","article-title":"A trust management system for fog computing services","volume":"14","author":"Ogundoyin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2957394","article-title":"Trustee: A trust management system for fog-enabled cyber physical systems","volume":"9","author":"Junejo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.12.045","article-title":"A two-way trust management system for fog computing","volume":"106","author":"Alemneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2584538","article-title":"Fog and IoT: An overview of research opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.049","article-title":"A novel trust mechanism based on fog computing in sensor\u2013cloud system","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2981005","article-title":"A reliable trust computing mechanism based on multisource feedback and fog computing in social sensor cloud","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Wang, T., Wang, G., Liu, A., and Jia, W. (2021). Detection of hidden data attacks combined fog computing and trust evaluation method in sensor-cloud system. Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp., 33.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5109"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31622","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2972968","article-title":"Context-aware trust and reputation model for fog-based IoT","volume":"8","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02106-3","article-title":"A trust computed framework for IoT devices and fog computing environment","volume":"26","author":"Rathee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02129-w","article-title":"TMSRS: Trust management-based secure routing scheme in industrial wireless sensor network with fog computing","volume":"26","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yannuzzi, M., Milito, R., Serral-Graci\u00e0, R., Montero, D., and Nemirovsky, M. (2014, January 1\u20133). Key ingredients in an IoT recipe: Fog computing, cloud computing, and more fog computing. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD.2014.7033259"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Josang, A., and Ismail, R. (2002, January 17\u201319). The beta reputation system. Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference, Bled, Slovenia."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107964","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2932769","article-title":"Progress in outlier detection techniques: A survey","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breunig, M.M., Kriegel, H.P., Ng, R.T., and Sander, J. (2000, January 16\u201318). LOF: Identifying density-based local outliers. Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/342009.335388"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/8\/1198\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:31:46Z","timestamp":1760128306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/8\/1198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["e25081198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25081198","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}