{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:30:04Z","timestamp":1760149804531,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62073313","92267201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62073313","92267201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic coils are indispensable components for energy conversion and transformation in various systems across industries. However, electromagnetic coil insulation failure occurs frequently, which can lead to serious consequences. To facilitate predictive maintenance for industrial systems, it is essential to monitor insulation degradation prior to the formation of turn-to-turn shorts. This paper experimentally investigates coil insulation degradation from both macro and micro perspectives. At the macro level, an evaluation index based on a weighted linear combination of trend, monotonicity and robustness is proposed to construct a degradation-sensitive health indicator (DSHI) based on high-frequency electrical response parameters for precise insulation degradation monitoring. While at the micro level, a coil finite element analysis and twisted pair accelerated degradation test are conducted to obtain the actual turn-to-turn insulation status. The correlation analysis between macroscopic and microscopic effects of insulation degradation is used to verify the proposed DSHI-based method. Further, it helps to determine the threshold of DSHI. This breakthrough opens new possibilities for predictive maintenance for industrial equipment that incorporates coils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25091354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T23:11:52Z","timestamp":1695165112000},"page":"1354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Degradation-Sensitive Health Indicator Construction for Precise Insulation Degradation Monitoring of Electromagnetic Coils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aidong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beiye","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiufang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106565","article-title":"Degradation process analysis and reliability prediction modeling of hydraulic reciprocating seal based on monitoring data","volume":"140","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. 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