{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:00:08Z","timestamp":1774630808333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["4212006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4212006"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L212030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L212030"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["62071031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071031"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["62341102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62341102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["4212006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4212006"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["L212030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L212030"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62071031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62071031"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62341102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62341102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) is a novel modulation scheme that enables reliable communication in high-mobility environments. In this paper, we propose a Transformer-based channel estimation method for OTFS systems. Initially, the threshold method is utilized to obtain preliminary channel estimation results. To further enhance the channel estimation, we leverage the inherent temporal correlation between channels, and a new method of channel response prediction is performed. To enhance the accuracy of the preliminary results, we utilize a specialized Transformer neural network designed for processing time series data for refinement. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme outperforms the threshold method and other deep learning (DL) methods in terms of normalized mean squared error and bit error rate. Additionally, the temporal complexity and spatial complexity of different DL models are compared. The results indicate that our proposed algorithm achieves superior accuracy while maintaining an acceptable computational complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25101423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T14:03:03Z","timestamp":1696687383000},"page":"1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Transformer-Based Channel Estimation Method for OTFS Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Teng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The 54th Research Institute of CETC, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}]},{"given":"Jiebiao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9908-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2009.4907554","article-title":"OFDM for cognitive radio: Merits and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. 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