{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:36:37Z","timestamp":1782779797161,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12175165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12175165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diffusion coefficient of heavy quarks in a deconfined medium is examined in this research using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that is trained with data from relativistic heavy ion collisions involving heavy flavor hadrons. The CNN is trained using observables such as the nuclear modification factor\u00a0RAA\u00a0and the elliptic flow\u00a0v2\u00a0of non-prompt\u00a0J\/\u03c8\u00a0from the B-hadron decay in different centralities, where B meson evolutions are calculated using the Langevin equation and the instantaneous coalescence model. The CNN outputs the parameters, thereby characterizing the temperature and momentum dependence of the heavy quark diffusion coefficient. By inputting the experimental data of the non-prompt\u00a0J\/\u03c8(RAA,v2)\u00a0from various collision centralities into multiple channels of a well-trained network, we derive the values of the diffusion coefficient parameters. Additionally, we evaluate the uncertainty in determining the diffusion coefficient by taking into account the uncertainties present in the experimental data\u00a0(RAA,v2), which serve as inputs to the deep neural network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25111563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T10:32:32Z","timestamp":1700476352000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Machine Learning Approach to Analyze the Heavy Quark Diffusion Coefficient in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0361-2","article-title":"Machine learning at the energy and intensity frontiers of particle physics","volume":"560","author":"Radovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045002","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.91.045002","article-title":"Machine learning and the physical sciences","volume":"91","author":"Carleo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. 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