{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:04:26Z","timestamp":1766268266625,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents so-called thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which are considered thermal engines that transform heat into electricity using the Seebeck effect for this purpose. By using linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT), it is possible to study the thermodynamic properties of TEGs for three different operating regimes: maximum power output (MPO), maximum ecological function (MEF) and maximum power efficiency (MPE). Then, by considering thermoelectricty, using the correspondence between the heat capacity of a solid and the metabolic rate, and taking the generation of energy by means of the metabolism of an organism as a process out of equilibrium, it is plausible to use linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT) to obtain some interesting results in order to understand how metabolism is generated by a particle\u2019s released energy, which explains the empirically studied allometric laws.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25121575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T03:45:18Z","timestamp":1700711118000},"page":"1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Linear Irreversible Thermodynamics: A Glance at Thermoelectricity and the Biological Scaling Laws"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-0190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Chimal-Eguia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ciencias Matem\u00e1ticas y Computacionales, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computacion, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9401-8436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Teodoro","family":"P\u00e1ez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de Fisica de Procesos Irreversibles, Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, U-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa, Ciudad de Mexico 02200, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Pacheco-Paez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de Mexico 02200, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Delfino","family":"Ladino-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Area de Fisica de Procesos Irreversibles, Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, U-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa, Ciudad de Mexico 02200, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Seebeck, T.J. (1822). \u00dcber den Magnetismus der Galvanischen Kette, Nabu Press."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"371","article-title":"Nouvelles exp\u00e9riences sur la caloricit\u00e9 des courants \u00e9lectrique","volume":"56","author":"Peltier","year":"1834","journal-title":"Ann. Chim. 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