{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:11:20Z","timestamp":1760134280846,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hubei University of Automotive Technology Doctoral Research Fund","award":["BK202313","PNURSP2023R106","DRGS Ref. 2023-IRG-HBS-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK202313","PNURSP2023R106","DRGS Ref. 2023-IRG-HBS-13"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["BK202313","PNURSP2023R106","DRGS Ref. 2023-IRG-HBS-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK202313","PNURSP2023R106","DRGS Ref. 2023-IRG-HBS-13"]}]},{"name":"Ajman University","award":["BK202313","PNURSP2023R106","DRGS Ref. 2023-IRG-HBS-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK202313","PNURSP2023R106","DRGS Ref. 2023-IRG-HBS-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Utilizing the Modified Hagedorn function with embedded flow, we analyze the transverse momenta (pT) and transverse mass (mT) spectra of \u03c0+ in Au\u2013Au, Cu\u2013Cu, and d\u2013Au collisions at sNN = 200 GeV across various centrality bins. Our study reveals the centrality and system size dependence of key freezeout parameters, including kinetic freezeout temperature (T0), transverse flow velocity (\u03b2T), entropy-related parameter (n), and kinetic freezeout volume (V). Specifically, T0 and n increase from central to peripheral collisions, while \u03b2T and V show the opposite trend. These parameters also exhibit system size dependence; T0 and \u03b2T are smaller in larger collision systems, whereas V is larger. Importantly, central collisions correspond to a stiffer Equation of State (EOS), characterized by larger \u03b2T and smaller T0, while peripheral collisions indicate a softer EOS. These insights are crucial for understanding the properties of Quark\u2013Gluon Plasma (QGP) and offer valuable constraints for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) models at high temperatures and densities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25121586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1701055923000},"page":"1586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Centrality and System Size Dependence among Freezeout Parameters and the Implications for EOS and QGP in High-Energy Collisions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2799-0262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Waqas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abd","family":"Haj Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifa I.","family":"Alrebdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Prince Nourah Bint Abdulrahman Univeristy, P.O.Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-6910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ajaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Heinz, U.W. (2004). 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