{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:56:27Z","timestamp":1769630187171,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["2023RIS-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023RIS-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper proposes a novel artificial noise (AN) injection strategy in multiple-input single-output multiple-antenna-eavesdropper (MISOME) systems under imperfect channel estimation at the legitimate channel to achieve zero secrecy outage probability under any circumstance. The zero secrecy outage is proved to always be achievable regardless of the eavesdropper\u2019s number of antennas or location when the pair secrecy and codeword rates are chosen properly. The results show that when there is perfect channel state information, the zero-outage secrecy throughput increases with the transmit power, which is important for secrecy design. Additionally, an analysis of the secrecy throughput and secrecy energy efficiency gives further insight into the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e25121594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T06:45:35Z","timestamp":1701153935000},"page":"1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Novel Noise Injection Scheme to Guarantee Zero Secrecy Outage under Imperfect CSI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9889-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hien Q.","family":"Ta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lam","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(10)70006-4","article-title":"Advanced encryption standard (AES)","volume":"2009","author":"Heron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Milanov, E. (2009). The RSA Algorithm, RSA Laboratories."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1975.tb02040.x","article-title":"The wire-tap channel","volume":"54","author":"Wyner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barros, J., and Rodrigues, M.R.D. (2006, January 9\u201314). Secrecy Capacity of Wireless Channels. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIT.2006.261613"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7355565","article-title":"Enhancing wireless secrecy via cooperation: Signal design and optimization","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2008.060848","article-title":"Guaranteeing Secrecy using Artificial Noise","volume":"7","author":"Goel","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9577","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2703159","article-title":"Artificial noise injection for securing single-antenna systems","volume":"66","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2013.2269049","article-title":"Improving physical layer secrecy using full-duplex jamming receivers","volume":"61","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2689005","article-title":"Physical layer security in wireless ad hoc networks under a hybrid full-\/half-duplex receiver deployment strategy","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2622689","article-title":"Safeguarding Decentralized Wireless Networks Using Full-Duplex Jamming Receivers","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2880216","article-title":"Adaptive Full-Duplex Jamming Receiver for Secure D2D Links in Random Networks","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1109\/JCN.2017.000020","article-title":"Application of full duplex guarantees secure wireless communication","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Commun. Networks"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3057830","article-title":"Security-Reliability Trade-Off Analysis of AN-Aided Relay Selection for Full-Duplex Relay Networks","volume":"70","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3047926","article-title":"Artificial Noise-Aided Secure Relay Communication With Unknown Channel Knowledge of Eavesdropper","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7355561","article-title":"To avoid or not to avoid CSI leakage in physical layer secret communication systems","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.02.090641","article-title":"Two-way training: Optimal power allocation for pilot and data transmission","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2003.809594","article-title":"How much training is needed in multiple-antenna wireless links?","volume":"49","author":"Hassibi","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, A. (2005). Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511841224"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2011.011811.102433","article-title":"Rethinking the Secrecy Outage Formulation: A Secure Transmission Design Perspective","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Gradshteyn, I.S., and Ryzhik, I.M. (2007). Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Elsevier\/Academic Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2709738","article-title":"Adapting rate and power for maximizing secrecy energy efficiency","volume":"21","author":"Ta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, A.Y., and Sodini, C.G. (2006, January 25\u201328). On the energy efficiency of wireless transceivers. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2006.255661"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/12\/1594\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:32:30Z","timestamp":1760131950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/25\/12\/1594"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["e25121594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e25121594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]}}}