{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:54:59Z","timestamp":1766588099421,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61471261","61771335","2020YFC1807904","2020YFC1807905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471261","61771335","2020YFC1807904","2020YFC1807905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["61471261","61771335","2020YFC1807904","2020YFC1807905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61471261","61771335","2020YFC1807904","2020YFC1807905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visual scanning is achieved via head motion and gaze movement for visual information acquisition and cognitive processing, which plays a critical role in undertaking common sensorimotor tasks such as driving. The coordination of the head and eyes is an important human behavior to make a key contribution to goal-directed visual scanning and sensorimotor driving. In this paper, we basically investigate the two most common patterns in eye\u2013head coordination: \u201chead motion earlier than eye movement\u201d and \u201ceye movement earlier than head motion\u201d. We utilize bidirectional transfer entropies between head motion and eye movements to determine the existence of these two eye\u2013head coordination patterns. Furthermore, we propose a unidirectional information difference to assess which pattern predominates in head\u2013eye coordination. Additionally, we have discovered a significant correlation between the normalized unidirectional information difference and driving performance. This result not only indicates the influence of eye\u2013head coordination on driving behavior from a computational perspective but also validates the practical significance of our approach utilizing transfer entropy for quantifying eye\u2013head coordination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T06:03:11Z","timestamp":1702965791000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Information Difference of Transfer Entropies between Head Motion and Eye Movement Indicates a Proxy of Driving"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Runlin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8243-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5279-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1747-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-1704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Schoeffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Technology, Klagenfurt University, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.02.009","article-title":"Eye movements in natural behavior","volume":"9","author":"Hayhoe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. 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