{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:42:16Z","timestamp":1760143336508,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China\/Research Grants Council Collaborative Research Scheme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62261160390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62261160390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote control over communication networks with bandwidth-constrained channels has attracted considerable recent attention because it holds the promise of enabling a large number of real-time applications, such as autonomous driving, smart grids, and the industrial internet of things (IIoT). However, due to the limited bandwidth, the sub-packets or even bits have to be transmitted successively, thereby experiencing non-negligible latency and inducing serious performance loss in remote control. To overcome this, we introduce an incremental coding method, in which the actuator acts in real time based on a partially received packet instead of waiting until the entire packet is decoded. On this basis, we applied incremental coding to a linear control system to obtain a remote-control scheme. Both its stability conditions and average linear-quadratic-Gaussian-(LQG) cost are presented. Then, we further investigated a multi-user remote-control method, with a particular focus on its applications in the demand response of smart grids over bandwidth-constrained communication networks. The utility loss due to the bandwidth constraint and communication latency are minimized by jointly optimizing the source coding and real-time demand response. The numerical results show that the incremental-coding-aided remote control performed well in both single-user and multi-user scenarios and outperformed the conventional zero-hold control scheme significantly under the LQG metric.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26020122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T12:06:58Z","timestamp":1706616418000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incremental Coding for Real-Time Remote Control over Bandwidth-Limited Channels and Its Applications in Smart Grids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6224-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyu","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2780114","article-title":"Wireless Network Design for Control Systems: A Survey","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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