{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:24:54Z","timestamp":1772796294714,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-22-1-0465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-22-1-0465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-22-1-0465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-22-1-0465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ideas of self-observation and self-representation, and the concomitant idea of self-control, pervade both the cognitive and life sciences, arising in domains as diverse as immunology and robotics. Here, we ask in a very general way whether, and to what extent, these ideas make sense. Using a generic model of physical interactions, we prove a theorem and several corollaries that severely restrict applicable notions of self-observation, self-representation, and self-control. We show, in particular, that adding observational, representational, or control capabilities to a meta-level component of a system cannot, even in principle, lead to a complete meta-level representation of the system as a whole. We conclude that self-representation can at best be heuristic, and that self models cannot, in general, be empirically tested by the systems that implement them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26030194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T06:50:23Z","timestamp":1708930223000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Principled Limitations on Self-Representation for Generic Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4812-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Fields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8335-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James F.","family":"Glazebrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920, USA"},{"name":"Adjunct Faculty, Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7292-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietrich, E., Fields, C., Sullins, J.P., von Heuveln, B., and Zebrowski, R. 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