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They typically have an appearance of being composed of a denser thermal \u201ccore\u201d population plus a tenuous energetic \u201chalo\u201d population. At first, such a feature was empirically fitted with the kappa velocity space distribution function, but ever since the ground-breaking work by Tsallis, the space physics community has embraced the potential implication of the kappa distribution as reflecting the non-extensive nature of the space plasma. From the viewpoint of microscopic plasma theory, the formation of the non-thermal electron velocity distribution function can be interpreted in terms of the plasma being in a state of turbulent quasi-equilibrium. Such a finding brings forth the possible existence of a profound inter-relationship between the non-extensive statistical state and the turbulent quasi-equilibrium state. The present paper further develops the idea of solar wind electrons being in the turbulent equilibrium, but, unlike the previous model, which involves the electrostatic turbulence near the plasma oscillation frequency (i.e., Langmuir turbulence), the present paper considers the impact of transverse electromagnetic turbulence, particularly, the turbulence in the whistler-mode frequency range. It is found that the coupling of spontaneously emitted thermal fluctuations and the background turbulence leads to the formation of a non-thermal electron velocity distribution function of the type observed in the solar wind during quiet times. This demonstrates that the whistler-range turbulence represents an alternative mechanism for producing the kappa-like non-thermal distribution, especially close to the Sun and in the near-Earth space environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26040310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:39:37Z","timestamp":1711892377000},"page":"310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Non-Thermal Solar Wind Electron Velocity Distribution Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter H.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-1498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo A.","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in the Intersection of Plasma Physics, Matter, and Complexity (<i>P<\/i><sup>2<\/sup><i>mc<\/i>), Comisi\u00f3n Chilena de Energ\u00eda Nuclear, Casilla 188-D, Santiago 7600713, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6536-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chadi S.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0675-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John W.","family":"Bonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5441-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunjung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomy and Space Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4181","DOI":"10.1029\/JA080i031p04181","article-title":"Solar wind electrons","volume":"80","author":"Feldman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. 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