{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T07:47:12Z","timestamp":1769154432486,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009102","name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GJJ2202905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2202905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009102","name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGJG-2019-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGJG-2019-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009102","name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGKJ-18-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGKJ-18-07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009102","name":"Science and Technology Research Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGKJ-18-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGKJ-18-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Project of Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology","award":["GJJ2202905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ2202905"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology","award":["NGJG-2019-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGJG-2019-06"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology","award":["NGKJ-18-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGKJ-18-07"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology","award":["NGKJ-18-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGKJ-18-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The lattice Boltzmann method is employed in the current study to simulate the heat transfer characteristics of sinusoidal-temperature-distributed heat sources at the bottom of a square cavity under various conditions, including different amplitudes, phase angles, initial positions, and angular velocities. Additionally, a machine learning-based model is developed to accurately predict the Nusselt number in such a sinusoidal temperature distribution of heat source at the bottom of a square cavity. The results indicate that (1) in the phase angle range from 0 to \u03c0, Nu basically shows a decreasing trend with an increase in phase angle. The decline in Nu at an accelerated rate is consistently observed when the phase angle reaches 4\u03c0\/16. The corresponding Nu decreases as the amplitude increases at the same phase angle. (2) The initial position of the sinusoidal-temperature-distributed heat source Lc significantly impacts the convective heat transfer in the cavity. Moreover, the decline in Nu was further exacerbated when Lc reached 7\/16. (3) The optimal overall heat transfer effect was achieved when the angular velocity of the non-uniform heat source reached \u03c0. As the angular velocity increases, the local Nu in the square cavity exhibits a gradual and oscillatory decline. Notably, it is observed that Nu at odd multiples of \u03c0 surpasses that at even multiples of \u03c0. Furthermore, the current work integrates LBM with machine learning, enabling the development of a precise and efficient prediction model for simulating Nu under specific operational conditions. This research provides valuable insights into the application of machine learning in the field of heat transfer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26040347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T10:53:17Z","timestamp":1713523997000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Simulation of Natural Convection with Sinusoidal Temperature Distribution of Heat Source at the Bottom of an Enclosed Square Cavity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3245075","article-title":"Heat Transfer by Natural Convection Across Vertical and Inclined Air Layers","volume":"104","author":"ElSherbiny","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. 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