{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:17:28Z","timestamp":1778905048357,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71771187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71771187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72011530149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72011530149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72163029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72163029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precisely forecasting the price of crude oil is challenging due to its fundamental properties of nonlinearity, volatility, and stochasticity. This paper introduces a novel hybrid model, namely, the KV-MFSCBA-G model, within the decomposition\u2013integration paradigm. It combines the mixed-frequency convolutional neural network\u2013bidirectional long short-term memory network-attention mechanism (MFCBA) and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. The MFCBA and GARCH models are employed to respectively forecast the low-frequency and high-frequency components decomposed through variational mode decomposition optimized by Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence (KL-VMD). The classification of these components is performed using the fuzzy entropy (FE) algorithm. Therefore, this model can fully exploit the advantages of deep learning networks in fitting nonlinearities and traditional econometric models in capturing volatilities. Furthermore, the intelligent optimization algorithm and the low-frequency economic variable are introduced to improve forecasting performance. Specifically, the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is employed to determine the optimal parameter combination of the MFCBA model, which is incorporated with monthly global economic conditions (GECON) data. The empirical findings of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent crude oil indicate that the proposed approach outperforms other models in evaluation indicators and statistical tests and has good robustness. This model can assist investors and market regulators in making decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26050358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T05:26:13Z","timestamp":1714022773000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Crude Oil Prices Forecast Based on Mixed-Frequency Deep Learning Approach and Intelligent Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wanbo","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaojie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2016.01.012","article-title":"Uncertainty and Crude Oil Returns","volume":"55","author":"Aloui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2022.102195","article-title":"Oil Price Volatility Predictability Based on Global Economic Conditions","volume":"82","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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