{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:34:03Z","timestamp":1780511643550,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFB2904804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2904804"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["62394292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394292"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["62394290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394290"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["CAST 2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAST 2023QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["2023YFB2904804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2904804"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["62394292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394292"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["62394290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394290"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["CAST 2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAST 2023QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program","award":["2023YFB2904804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2904804"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program","award":["62394292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394292"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program","award":["62394290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394290"]}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program","award":["CAST 2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAST 2023QNRC001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the problem of joint transmission and computation resource allocation for a multi-user probabilistic semantic communication (PSC) network is investigated. In the considered model, users employ semantic information extraction techniques to compress their large-sized data before transmitting them to a multi-antenna base station (BS). Our model represents large-sized data through substantial knowledge graphs, utilizing shared probability graphs between the users and the BS for efficient semantic compression. The resource allocation problem is formulated as an optimization problem with the objective of maximizing the sum of the equivalent rate of all users, considering the total power budget and semantic resource limit constraints. The computation load considered in the PSC network is formulated as a non-smooth piecewise function with respect to the semantic compression ratio. To tackle this non-convex non-smooth optimization challenge, a three-stage algorithm is proposed, where the solutions for the received beamforming matrix of the BS, the transmit power of each user, and the semantic compression ratio of each user are obtained stage by stage. The numerical results validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26050394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T08:02:22Z","timestamp":1714723342000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A Joint Communication and Computation Design for Probabilistic Semantic Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0679-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhouxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4475-589X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Data Science and Computing, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-6228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Processing, Communication and Networking (IPCAN), Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2062-131X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Vincent","family":"Poor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2023.3239189","article-title":"Edge Learning for B5G Networks With Distributed Signal Processing: Semantic Communication, Edge Computing, and Wireless Sensing","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900287","article-title":"A Vision of 6G Wireless Systems: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems","volume":"34","author":"Saad","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.013.2100642","article-title":"Rethinking Modern Communication from Semantic Coding to Semantic Communication","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3223408","article-title":"Beyond Transmitting Bits: Context, Semantics, and Task-Oriented Communications","volume":"41","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Yang, Z., Hu, Y., Lin, L., and Zhang, Z. (2023, January 10\u201312). Semantic Information Extraction for Text Data with Probability Graph. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE\/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC Workshops), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCWorkshops57813.2023.10233741"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chaccour, C., Saad, W., Debbah, M., Han, Z., and Poor, H.V. (2022). Less data, more knowledge: Building next generation semantic communication networks. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, X., Qin, Z., Huang, D., Tao, X., Lu, J., Liu, G., and Pan, C. (2022, January 4\u20138). A Robust Deep Learning Enabled Semantic Communication System for Text. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2022-2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000901"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.101.2100269","article-title":"Semantic Communications: Overview, Open Issues, and Future Research Directions","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3170849","article-title":"Resource Allocation for Text Semantic Communications","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3222000","article-title":"Heterogeneous Semantic and Bit Communications: A Semi-NOMA Scheme","volume":"41","author":"Mu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Liu, T., You, C., Yang, Z., and Chen, M. (2023). Multiuser Resource Allocation for Semantic-Relay-Aided Text Transmissions. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps58843.2023.10464724"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3071210","article-title":"Deep Learning Enabled Semantic Communication Systems","volume":"69","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Yang, Z., Pham, Q.V., Yang, Q., and Zhang, Z. (2023, January 10\u201313). Semantic Communication with Probability Graph: A Joint Communication and Computation Design. Proceedings of the hl2023 IEEE 98th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Fall), Hong Kong.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333452"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Chen, M., Li, G., Yang, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Secure semantic communications: Fundamentals and challenges. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Yang, Z., Gan, X., Pham, Q.V., Huang, C., Xu, W., and Zhang, Z. (2023). A Joint Communication and Computation Design for Semantic Wireless Communication with Probability Graph. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3240713","article-title":"Energy efficient semantic communication over wireless networks with rate splitting","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, L., Qin, Z., Zhang, R., Li, Y., and Li, G.Y. (2022, January 4\u20138). QoE-Aware Resource Allocation for Semantic Communication Networks. Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2022-2022 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001594"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Chen, M., Zhang, Z., Huang, C., and Yang, Q. (2022, January 26\u201329). Performance Optimization of Energy Efficient Semantic Communications over Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE 96th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2022-Fall), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012845"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cang, Y., Chen, M., Yang, Z., Hu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., and Wong, K.K. (2023). Resource Allocation for Semantic-Aware Mobile Edge Computing Systems. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps58843.2023.10464965"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.013.2200553","article-title":"A Generalized Semantic Communication System: From Sources to Channels","volume":"30","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3221999","article-title":"Toward Semantic Communications: Deep Learning-Based Image Semantic Coding","volume":"41","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3221952","article-title":"Semantic-Preserved Communication System for Highly Efficient Speech Transmission","volume":"41","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3087240","article-title":"Semantic Communication Systems for Speech Transmission","volume":"39","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Yuan, L., Zhou, F., and Wu, Q. (December, January 29). Robust Semantic Communication Driven by Knowledge Graph. Proceedings of the 2022 9th International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS), Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTSMS58070.2022.10061867"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Chen, M., Saad, W., Luo, T., Cui, S., and Poor, H.V. (2021, January 7\u201311). Performance Optimization for Semantic Communications: An Attention-based Learning Approach. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685056"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2020.3031769","article-title":"Semantics of the Black-Box: Can Knowledge Graphs Help Make Deep Learning Systems More Interpretable and Explainable?","volume":"25","author":"Gaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farsad, N., Rao, M., and Goldsmith, A. (2018, January 15\u201320). Deep Learning for Joint Source-Channel Coding of Text. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Calgary, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8461983"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2022.3192407","article-title":"Semantic Coding for Text Transmission: An Iterative Design","volume":"8","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Guo, C., Wang, S., Li, Y., and Hu, D. (2023, January 26\u201329). Task-Oriented Semantic Communication Based on Semantic Triplets. Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC55385.2023.10118916"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, F., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Wu, Q., Lei, X., and Hu, R.Q. (2022, January 16\u201320). Cognitive Semantic Communication Systems Driven by Knowledge Graph. Proceedings of the ICC 2022-IEEE International Conference on Communications, Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838470"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3191112","article-title":"Performance Optimization for Semantic Communications: An Attention-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"179","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Information and Communication Infrastructures in the Smart Grid: A Survey on Interactions and Open Issues","volume":"17","author":"Mouftah","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2020.2981314","article-title":"A Survey on Deep Learning for Named Entity Recognition","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81575","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3086480","article-title":"A Graph Convolutional Network With Multiple Dependency Representations for Relation Extraction","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.11.003","article-title":"Fairness-constrained optimized time-window controllers for secondary-users with primary-user reliability guarantees","volume":"116","author":"Cordeschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/wcm.2473","article-title":"Primary service outage and secondary service performance in cognitive radio networks","volume":"15","author":"Talebi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/5\/394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:37:38Z","timestamp":1760107058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/5\/394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["e26050394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e26050394","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]}}}