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This discrepancy becomes particularly pronounced when examining the collective neural activity at the micro and meso scale, where a coherent formalization that adequately describes neural interactions is still lacking. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework to analyze systems of natural neurons and interpret the related empirical observations in terms of lattice field theory, an established paradigm from theoretical particle physics and statistical mechanics. Our methods are tailored to interpret data from chronic neural interfaces, especially spike rasters from measurements of single neuron activity, and generalize the maximum entropy model for neural networks so that the time evolution of the system is also taken into account. This is obtained by bridging particle physics and neuroscience, paving the way for particle physics-inspired models of the neocortex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26060495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T06:40:26Z","timestamp":1717656026000},"page":"495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neural Activity in Quarks Language: Lattice Field Theory for a Network of Real Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampiero","family":"Bardella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3304-3157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Balzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR 8601, UFR Biom\u00e9dicale et des Sciences de Base, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes-CNRS, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cit\u00e9, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surabhi","family":"Ramawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5119-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Brunamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6825-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Pani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6100-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Ferraina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.10.032","article-title":"SiNAPS: An implantable active pixel sensor CMOS-probe for simultaneous large-scale neural recordings","volume":"126","author":"Angotzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. 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