{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:05:07Z","timestamp":1773702307963,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","award":["EP\/X018733\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X018733\/14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taking inspiration from humans can help catalyse embodied AI solutions for important real-world applications. Current human-inspired tools include neuromorphic systems and the developmental approach to learning. However, this developmental neurorobotics approach is currently lacking important frameworks for human-like computation and learning. We propose that human-like computation is inherently embodied, with its interface to the world being neuromorphic, and its learning processes operating across different timescales. These constraints necessitate a unified framework: active inference, underpinned by the free energy principle (FEP). Herein, we describe theoretical and empirical support for leveraging this framework in embodied neuromorphic agents with autonomous mental development. We additionally outline current implementation approaches (including toolboxes) and challenges, and we provide suggestions for next steps to catalyse this important field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26070582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T07:16:07Z","timestamp":1720509367000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Active Inference for Learning and Development in Embodied Neuromorphic Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hamburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Jimenez Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}]},{"given":"Aung","family":"Htet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2677-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Di Nuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X17000243","article-title":"Autonomous development and learning in artificial intelligence and robotics: Scaling up deep learning to human-like learning","volume":"40","author":"Oudeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzotti, R. (2019). Embodied AI beyond Embodied Cognition and Enactivism. Philosophies, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/philosophies4030039"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.55","article-title":"Embodiment as a unifying perspective for psychology","volume":"1","author":"Glenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"WIREs Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfeifer, R., and Bongard, J. (2006). How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3585.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196322","article-title":"Six views of embodied cognition","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Montagu, A. (1986). Touching: The human significance of the skin, William Morrow Paperbacks."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank, C., and Schack, T. (2017). The Representation of Motor (Inter)action, States of Action, and Learning: Three Perspectives on Motor Learning by Way of Imagery and Execution. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00678"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107022118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107022118","article-title":"Brain power","volume":"118","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2024, July 02). LUMI Ranked Third on Top500 List of World\u2019s Fastest Supercomputers\u2014The Fastest Supercomputer in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.lumi-supercomputer.eu\/lumi-ranked-third-on-top500-list-of-worlds-fastest-supercomputers-the-fastest-supercomputer-in-europe\/."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"217","article-title":"Possible principles underlying the transformation of sensory messages","volume":"1","author":"Barlow","year":"1961","journal-title":"Sens. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosslyn, S., Thompson, W., and Ganis, G. (2006). The Case for Mental Imagery, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195179088.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borghi, A., Barca, L., Binkofski, F., and Tummolini, L. (2018). Varieties of abstract concepts: Development, use and representation in the brain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 373.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0121"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidel, D. (2014). Creativity, brain, and art: Biological and neurological considerations. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00389"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobrowicz, K., and Thibaut, J.P. (2023). The Development of Flexible Problem Solving: An Integrative Approach. J. Intell., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11060119"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28487-2","article-title":"Embodied neuromorphic intelligence","volume":"13","author":"Bartolozzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122261","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3219440","article-title":"Neuromorphic Computing for Interactive Robotics: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Aitsam","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-021-00184-y","article-title":"Opportunities for neuromorphic computing algorithms and applications","volume":"2","author":"Schuman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90349-4","article-title":"Synaptic density in human frontal cortex-developmental changes and effects of aging","volume":"163","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.12.002","article-title":"Neural synchrony and the development of cortical networks","volume":"14","author":"Uhlhaas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.08.009","article-title":"Cognitive vision: The case for embodied perception","volume":"26","author":"Vernon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_72","article-title":"An Embodied Model for Sensorimotor Grounding and Grounding Transfer: Experiments with Epigenetic Robots","volume":"30","author":"Cangelosi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cangelosi, A., and Schlesinger, M. (2015). Developmental Robotics: From Babies to Robots, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9320.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-020-01428-8","article-title":"A robot that counts like a child: A developmental model of counting and pointing","volume":"86","author":"Pecyna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copeland, J., Bowen, J., Sprevak, M., and Wilson, R. (2017). Child machines. The Turing Guide, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198747826.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787","article-title":"The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory?","volume":"11","author":"Friston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7atal, O., Wauthier, S., Boom, C., Verbelen, T., and Dhoedt, B. (2020). Learning Generative State Space Models for Active Inference. Front. Comput. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.574372"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042002","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/aca7de","article-title":"The Free Energy Principle drives neuromorphic development","volume":"2","author":"Fields","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromorphic Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00912","article-title":"Active inference: A process theory","volume":"29","author":"Friston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00705-x","article-title":"Towards Strong AI","volume":"35","author":"Butz","year":"2021","journal-title":"KI\u2014K\u00fcnstliche Intell."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Marcus, G. (2018). Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/TAMD.2009.2021702","article-title":"Cognitive Developmental Robotics: A Survey","volume":"1","author":"Asada","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Auton. Ment. Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (2003). The Psychology of Intelligence, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203164730"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parr, T., Pezzulo, G., and Friston, K. (2022). Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior, The MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12441.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, R., Schwartenbeck, P., Parr, T., and Friston, K. (2020). An Active Inference Approach to Modeling Structure Learning: Concept Learning as an Example Case. Front. Comput. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2020.00041"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01357","article-title":"Active inference: Demystified and compared","volume":"33","author":"Sajid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Lanillos, P., Meo, C., Pezzato, C., Meera, A., Baioumy, M., Ohata, W., Tschantz, A., Millidge, B., Wisse, M., and Buckley, C. (2021). Active Inference in Robotics and Artificial Agents. Survey and Challenges. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahara, D., Ozeki, S., and Mizuuchi, I. (2022, January 9\u201312). A Curiosity Algorithm for Robots Based on the Free Energy Principle. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE\/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII), Narvik, Norway.","DOI":"10.1109\/SII52469.2022.9708819"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00038-x","article-title":"Abstract Concept Learning in Cognitive Robots","volume":"2","author":"Cangelosi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Robot. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2017.7934229","article-title":"Special report: Can we copy the brain?\u2014What intelligent machines need to learn from the Neocortex","volume":"54","author":"Hawkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krichmar, J. (2018). Neurorobotics\u2014A Thriving Community and a Promising Pathway Toward Intelligent Cognitive Robots. Front. Neurorobotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2018.00042"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00706-w","article-title":"Developmental Robotics and its Role Towards Artificial General Intelligence","volume":"35","author":"Eppe","year":"2021","journal-title":"KI\u2014K\u00fcnstliche Intell."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012006","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1261\/1\/012006","article-title":"Adopting Physical Artificial Intelligence in Soft Aerial Robots","volume":"1261","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1138353","article-title":"From Swimming to Walking with a Salamander Robot Driven by a Spinal Cord Model","volume":"315","author":"Ijspeert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Friston, K. (2011). Embodied inference: Or \u2018I think therefore I am, if I am what I think\u2019. The Implications of Embodiment: Cognition and Communication, Imprint Academic."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712319862774","article-title":"A tale of two densities: Active inference is enactive inference","volume":"28","author":"Ramstead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adapt. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linson, A., Clark, A., Ramamoorthy, S., and Friston, K. (2018). The Active Inference Approach to Ecological Perception: General Information Dynamics for Natural and Artificial Embodied Cognition. Front. Robot. AI, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00021"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijspeert, A., Masuzawa, T., and Kusumoto, S. (2006). Morphological Computation: Connecting Brain, Body, and Environment. Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11613022"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hip\u00f3lito, I., and Es, T. (2022). Enactive-Dynamic Social Cognition and Active Inference. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.855074"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Costa, L., Lanillos, P., Sajid, N., Friston, K., and Khan, S. (2022). How Active Inference Could Help Revolutionise Robotics. Entropy, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/e24030361"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160616","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0616","article-title":"Active inference and robot control: A case study","volume":"13","author":"Nizard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2974451","article-title":"A Novel Adaptive Controller for Robot Manipulators Based on Active Inference","volume":"5","author":"Pezzato","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642780","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2021.642780","article-title":"Active Vision for Robot Manipulators Using The Free Energy Principle","volume":"15","author":"Verbelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobotics."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Lanillos, P., and Cheng, G. (2018). Active Inference with Function Learning for Robot Body Perception, Technical University of Munich."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Lanillos, P., and Gerven, M. (2021). Neuroscience-inspired perception-action in robotics: Applying active inference for state estimation control and self-perception. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2021.3049907","article-title":"An Empirical Study of Active Inference on a Humanoid Robot","volume":"14","author":"Oliver","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2021.05.010","article-title":"Robot navigation as hierarchical active inference","volume":"142","author":"Verbelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burghardt, D., and Lanillos, P. (2021). Robot Localization and Navigation through Predictive Processing using LiDAR. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93736-2_61"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Kamp, M., Gallicchio, C., Schiele, G., Pernkopf, F., and Gra\u00e7a, G. (2021). Towards Stochastic Fault-Tolerant Control Using Precision Learning and Active Inference. Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohata, W., and Tani, J. (2020). Investigation of the Sense of Agency in Social Cognition, Based on Frameworks of Predictive Coding and Active Inference: A Simulation Study on Multimodal Imitative Interaction. Front. Neurorobot., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.00061"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isomura, T., Shimazaki, H., and Friston, K. (2022). Canonical neural networks perform active inference. Commun. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02994-2"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036022","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac6ca7","article-title":"Emergence of associative learning in a neuromorphic inference network","volume":"19","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.09.001","article-title":"In vitro neurons learn and exhibit sentience when embodied in a simulated game-world","volume":"110","author":"Kagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, G., Shah, A., and Michmizos, K. (2019). Spiking Neural Network on Neuromorphic Hardware for Energy-Efficient Unidimensional SLAM. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS40897.2019.8967864"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102419","article-title":"Neuromorphic vision based control for the precise positioning of robotic drilling systems","volume":"79","author":"Ayyad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pio-Lopez, L., Kuchling, F., Tung, A., Pezzulo, G., and Levin, M. (2022). Active inference, morphogenesis, and computational psychiatry. Front. Comput. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2022.988977"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20141383","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.1383","article-title":"Knowing one\u2019s place: A free-energy approach to pattern regulation","volume":"12","author":"Friston","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries, B. (2023). Toward Design of Synthetic Active Inference Agents by Mere Mortals. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47958-8_11"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.04098","article-title":"pymdp: A Python library for active inference in discrete state spaces","volume":"7","author":"Heins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijar.2018.11.002","article-title":"A Factor Graph Approach to Automated Design of Bayesian Signal Processing Algorithms","volume":"104","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2021.102632","article-title":"A step-by-step tutorial on active inference and its application to empirical data","volume":"107","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sancaktar, C., Gerven, M., and Lanillos, P. (2020, January 26\u201330). End-to-End Pixel-Based Deep Active Inference for Body Perception and Action. Proceedings of the 2020 Joint IEEE 10th International Conference on Development and Learning and Epigenetic Robotics (ICDL-EpiRob, Valparaiso, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDL-EpiRob48136.2020.9278105"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2023.2225175","article-title":"Active Exploration based on Information Gain by Particle Filter for Efficient Spatial Concept Formation","volume":"37","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2022.3226144","article-title":"Active Inference and Behavior Trees for Reactive Action Planning and Execution in Robotics","volume":"39","author":"Pezzato","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Traub, M., Legenstein, R., and Otte, S. (October, January 27). Many-Joint Robot Arm Control with Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS51168.2021.9636001"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrett, A., Summerton, S., Gait, A., and Rhodes, O. (April, January 28). Online learning in SNNs with e-prop and Neuromorphic Hardware. Proceedings of the 2022 Annual Neuro-Inspired Computational Elements Conference, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1145\/3517343.3517352"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostami, A., Vogginger, B., Yan, Y., and Mayr, C. (2022). E-prop on SpiNNaker 2: Exploring online learning in spiking RNNs on neuromorphic hardware. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1018006"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.79","article-title":"One-shot learning of object categories","volume":"28","author":"Fergus","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"809","article-title":"Active Inference in OpenAI Gym: A Paradigm for Computational Investigations Into Psychiatric Illness","volume":"3","author":"Cullen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry. Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90022-8","article-title":"Does the autistic child have a \u201ctheory of mind\u201d?","volume":"21","author":"Leslie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Balasundaram, P., and Avulakunta, I. (2023). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pehle, C., Billaudelle, S., Cramer, B., Kaiser, J., Schreiber, K., Stradmann, Y., Weis, J., Leibfried, A., M\u00fcller, E., and Schemmel, J. (2022). The BrainScaleS-2 Accelerated Neuromorphic System with Hybrid Plasticity. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.795876"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/7\/582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:11:57Z","timestamp":1760109117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/7\/582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["e26070582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e26070582","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]}}}