{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:49:35Z","timestamp":1769194175185,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Living systems (LSs) must solve the problem of adapting to their environment by identifying external states and acting appropriately to maintain external relationships and internal order for survival and reproduction. This challenge is akin to the philosophical enigma of how the self can escape solipsism. In this study, a comprehensive model is developed to address the adaptation problem. LSs are composed of material entities capable of detecting their external states. This detection is conceptualized as \u201ccognition\u201d, a state change in relation to its external states. This study extends the concept of cognition to include three hierarchical levels of the world: physical, chemical, and semiotic cognitions, with semiotic cognition being closest to the conventional meaning of cognition. This radical extension of the cognition concept to all levels of the world provides a monistic model named the cognizers system model, in which mind and matter are unified as a single entity, the \u201ccognizer\u201d. During evolution, LSs invented semiotic cognition based on physical and chemical cognitions to manage the probability distribution of events that occur to them. This study proposes a theoretical model in which semiotic cognition is an adaptive process wherein the inverse causality operation produces particular internal states as symbols that signify hidden external states. This operation makes LSs aware of the external world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26080660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T16:14:58Z","timestamp":1722615298000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unification of Mind and Matter through Hierarchical Extension of Cognition: A New Framework for Adaptation of Living Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6956-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-0826, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, D.M. (2002). A Materialist Theory of the Mind, Taylor & Francis. [Kindle ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003237"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, E. (2000). Mind and matter. What is Life?: With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches (Canto Classics), Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Goff, P. (2022). Is Consciousness Everywhere?, Andrews UK Limited. [Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Russell, B. (2023). The Analysis of Mind, Sanage Publishing House LLP."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"15","article-title":"The Challenge of Consciousness Research","volume":"3","author":"Josephson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Front. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-2647(01)00173-3","article-title":"Beyond quantum theory: A realist psycho-biological interpretation of reality revisited","volume":"64","author":"Josephson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1999.0977","article-title":"Biological probability: Cognitive processes of generating probabilities of events in biological systems","volume":"200","author":"Nakajima","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2354","article-title":"Probabilities of encounters between objects in biological systems: Meta-observer view","volume":"211","author":"Nakajima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2003.3168","article-title":"Probabilities of Encounters between Objects in Biological Systems 2: Cognizer View","volume":"221","author":"Nakajima","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2013.03.007","article-title":"Probability in biology: Overview of a comprehensive theory of probability in living systems","volume":"113","author":"Nakajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, T. (2019). Unification of epistemic and ontic concepts of information, probability, and entropy, using cognizers-system model. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21020216"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/03081070108960741","article-title":"Is the world deterministic? Mental algorithmic process generating external reality by inverse causality","volume":"30","author":"Nakajima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Barbieri, M. (2007). How living systems manage the uncertainty of events: Adaptation by semiotic cognition. Biosemiotic Research Trends, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2015.07.008","article-title":"Biologically inspired information theory: Adaptation through construction of external reality models by living systems","volume":"119","author":"Nakajima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, T. (2021). Living systems escape solipsism by inverse causality to manage the probability distribution of events. Philosophies, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/philosophies6010011"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, T. (2022). Computation by inverse causality: A universal principle to produce symbols for the external reality in living systems. BioSystems, 218.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2022.104692"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/0308107042000193525","article-title":"Synchronic and diachronic hierarchies of living systems","volume":"33","author":"Nakajima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, M. (2002). The Organic Codes: An Introduction to Semantic Biology, Cambridge University Press. [Kindle ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511614019"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00450633","article-title":"The hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization, part A: The emergence of the hypercycle","volume":"64","author":"Eigen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Naturwissenshaften"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maturana, H.R., and Varela, F.J. (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition\u2014The Realization of the Living, Reidel.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0391","article-title":"Biogenesis itself","volume":"187","author":"Ganti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Ther. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Prigogine, I. (1980). From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, W.H. Freeman."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2011.06.033","article-title":"From L\u2019Homme Machine to metabolic closure: Steps towards understanding life","volume":"286","author":"Letelier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maynard Smith, J., and Szathm\u00e1ry, E. (1998). The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198502944.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.005","article-title":"Ecological extension of the theory of evolution by natural selection from a perspective of Western and Eastern holistic philosophy","volume":"131","author":"Nakajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Elton, C. (1927). Animal Ecology, The Macmillan Company."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1957.022.01.039","article-title":"Concluding remarks","volume":"22","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1957","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.2307\/1938141","article-title":"The niche concept revisited: Mechanistic models and community context","volume":"76","author":"Leibold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Darwin, C. (2015). The Origin of Species, Filibooks. [Sixth London ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.01.110170.000245","article-title":"The unit of selection","volume":"1","author":"Lewontin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Levins, R., and Lewontin, R.C. (1985). Adaptation. The Dialectical Biologist, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mayr, E. (1988). Toward a New Philosophy of Biology, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of Biology, Westview Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.2307\/2412570","article-title":"Natural selection and the criteria by which a theory is judged","volume":"28","author":"Brady","year":"1979","journal-title":"System. Zool."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, A. (1985). The Structure of Biological Science, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139171724"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Brandon, R.N. (1990). Adaptation and Environment, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drieschner, M. (2014). Matter, Energy, Information. Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker: Major Texts in Physics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-03668-7"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stonier, T. (1990). Information and the Internal Structure of the Universe: An Exploration into Information Physics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3265-3"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10699-019-09630-7","article-title":"The Third Construct of the Universe: Information","volume":"25","author":"Barreiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Found. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2024, July 31). Available online: https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/word\/cognition."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.05.044","article-title":"What is cognition?","volume":"29","author":"Bayne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Healy, S.D. (2021). Adaptation and the Brain, OUP.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199546756.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shettleworth, S.J. (2010). Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195319842.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Young, P. (1987). The Nature of Information, Praeger."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2009.0011","article-title":"Biomimetics: Lessons from Nature\u2014An overview","volume":"367","author":"Bhushan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mch011","article-title":"New approaches for studying and exploiting an old protuberance, the plant trichome","volume":"93","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.07.003","article-title":"Multifunctional surface structures of plants: An inspiration for biomimetics","volume":"54","author":"Koch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nave, G.K., Hall, N., Somers, K., Davis, B., Gruszewski, H., Powers, C., Collver, M., Schmale, D.G., and Ross, S.D. (2021). Wind dispersal of natural and biomimetic maple samaras. Biomimetics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics6020023"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/35015073","article-title":"Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair","volume":"405","author":"Autumn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Gorb, S. (2001). Attachment Devices of Insect Cuticle, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-006-0256-2","article-title":"Surface characterization and friction of a bio-inspired reversible adhesive tape","volume":"13","author":"Bhushan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112096004673","article-title":"Experiments on drag-reducing surfaces and their optimization with an adjustable geometry","volume":"338","author":"Bechert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(87)90146-0","article-title":"The hydrogen bond in molecular recognition","volume":"12","author":"Fersht","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckingham, A.D., Legon, A.C., and Roberts, S.M. (1993). Intermolecular forces. Principles of Molecular Recognition, Chapman & Hall.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2168-2"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0476","article-title":"Molecular complementarity I: The complementarity theory of the origin and evolution of life","volume":"188","author":"Dillon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariju\u00e1n, P.C., and Navarro, J. (2021). From molecular recognition to the \u201cvehicles\u201d of evolutionary complexity: An informational approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111965"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luisi, P.L. (2006). The Emergence of Life: From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817540"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, M. (2007). Semiotic scaffolding of living systems. Introduction to Biosemiotics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4814-9"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2024, July 01). Online Etymology Dictionary. Available online: https:\/\/www.etymonline.com\/."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks, F., Klingm\u00fcller, U., and M\u00fcller-Decker, K. (2017). Cellular Signal Processing, Taylor and Francis. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315165479"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Monod, J. (1971). Chance and Necessity, Alfred. A. Knopf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12304-012-9162-4","article-title":"Codepoiesis\u2014The deep logic of life","volume":"5","author":"Barbieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosemiotics"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Barbieri, M. (2008). Biosemiotics and biophysics\u2014The fundamental approaches to the study of life. Introduction of Biosemiotics: The New Synthesis, Springer. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kull, K., and Claus Emmeche, C. (2011). Life Is Many, and Sign Is Essentially Plural: On the Methodology of Biosemiotics in towards a Semiotic Biology: Life Is the Action of Signs, Imperial College Press. Chapter 6.","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848166882_0006"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Kolmogorov, A. (1933). Foundations of the Theory of Probability, Chelsea Publishing Company. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hacking, I. (2006). The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817557"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/X.37.25","article-title":"The propensity interpretation of probability","volume":"10","author":"Popper","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br. J. Philos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Popper, K.R. (1982). The Open Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1086\/288865","article-title":"The propensity interpretation of fitness","volume":"46","author":"Mills","year":"1979","journal-title":"Philos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millstein, R.L. (2016). Probability in Biology: The Case of Fitness. The Oxford Handbook of Probability and Philosophy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199607617.013.27"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Popper, K.R. (1990). A World of Propensities, Thoemmes Press."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Buzs\u00e1ki, G. (2021). The Brain from Inside Out, Oxford University Press. [Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Gillies, D. (2000). Philosophical Theories of Probability, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, T. (2005). Internal entropy as a measure of the amount of disorder of the subject-dependent environment. Proceedings of the FIS2005 3rd Conference on the Foundations of Information Science, Paris, France, 4\u20137 July 2005, MDPI. Available online: https:\/\/www.mdpi.org\/fis2005\/proceedings.html.","DOI":"10.3390\/e7030188"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Maxwell, J.C. (2001). Theory of Heat, Dover Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ACBI.0000015910.83018.68","article-title":"On Maxwell\u2019s demons and the origin of evolutionary variations","volume":"52","author":"Andrade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Biotheor."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"von Uexk\u00fcll, J. (1926). Theoretical Biology, Harcourt, Brace."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"von Uexk\u00fcll, J. (2010). A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Humans: With A Theory of Meaning, University of Minnesota Press. [Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Sagan, D. (2010). Introduction: Umwelt after Uexk\u00fcll. Jakob von Uexkull. A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Humans: With a Theory of Meaning, University of Minnesota Press. [Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Odling-Smee, F.J., Laland, K.N., and Feldman, M.W. (2003). Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Feldhamer, G.A., Thompson, B.C., and Chapman, J.A. (2003). Beaver (Castor canadensis). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation, The Johns Hopkins University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Matsuno, K. (1989). Protobiology: Physical Basis of Biology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salthe, S.N. (1985). Evolving Hierarchical Systems, Columbia University Press.","DOI":"10.7312\/salt91068"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, R.V., Deangelis, D.L., Waide, J.B., and Allen, T.F.H. (1986). A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Latta, R. (2020). Monadology, Ale\u2019mar Contracting Company. [Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Kersten, F. (1983). Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, First Book, General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Husserl, E. (1970). Cartesian Meditations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadir, L.A., Stacey, M., and Barrett-Jolley, R. (2018). Emerging roles of the membrane potential: Action beyond the action potential. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01661"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.02.032","article-title":"Molecular switches in animal cells","volume":"586","author":"Weber","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Rosen, R. (1978). Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems, Elsevier North-Holland, Inc."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Hey, A.J.G. (1989, January 28\u201331). Information, physics, quantum: The search for links. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Tokyo, Japan. (Reproduced in Feynman and Computation)."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Shannon, C.E., and Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Fish, W. (2021). Philosophy of Perception: A Contemporary Introduction, Routledge. [2nd ed., Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knill, D., and Richards, W. (1996). Bayesian decision theory and psychophysics. Perception as Bayesian Inference, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511984037"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2703_3","article-title":"A Bayesian approach to the evolution of perceptual and cognitive systems","volume":"27","author":"Geisler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X03000098","article-title":"Gestalt isomorphism and the primacy of subjective conscious experience: A Gestalt Bubble model","volume":"26","author":"Lehar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickinson, S., Tarr, M., Leonardis, A., and Schiele, B. (2009). The interface theory of perception. Object Categorization: Computer and Human Vision Perspectives, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511635465"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0890-8","article-title":"The Interface Theory of Perception","volume":"22","author":"Hoffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.07.020","article-title":"Natural selection and veridical perceptions","volume":"266","author":"Mark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Harris, R. (2013). Course in General Linguistics, Bloomsbury Publishing. [Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Culler, J. (1976). Saussure, Fontana Press."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"200","article-title":"Facing up to the problem of consciousness","volume":"2","author":"Chalmers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"258","article-title":"Debunking Arguments for Illusionism","volume":"27","author":"Chalmers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2307\/2183914","article-title":"What is it like to be a bat?","volume":"83","author":"Nagel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Philos. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, E., and Morowitz, H.J. (2016). The Origin and Nature of Life on Earth: The Emergence of the Fourth Geosphere, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316348772"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrum, J.P., Zhu, T.F., and Szostak, J.W. (2010). The origins of cellular life. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002212"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2017.06.012","article-title":"From Quantum Measurement to Biology via Retrocausality","volume":"131","author":"Matsuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43272-5","article-title":"An inorganic mineral-based protocell with prebiotic radiation fitness","volume":"14","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loewenstein, W.R. (1999). The Touchstone of Life: Molecular Information, Cell Communication, and the Foundations of Life, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195118285.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2004.0012","article-title":"Autopoiesis with or without cognition: Defining life at its edge","volume":"1","author":"Bitbol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1162\/1064546041255557","article-title":"Autopoiesis and cognition","volume":"10","author":"Bourgine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Artif. Life"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01424-0","article-title":"Bacterial chemotaxis","volume":"13","author":"Webre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Peirce, C. (1998). The Essential Peirce, Volume 2 (1893\u20131913): Selected Philosophical Writings, Indiana University Press. [Kindle ed.]."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2017.08.011","article-title":"How Peircean semiotic philosophy connects Western science with Eastern emptiness ontology","volume":"131","author":"Brier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Champagne, M. (2018). Consciousness and the Philosophy of Signs: How Peircean Semiotics Combines Phenomenal Qualia and Practical Effects, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73338-8"},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Good, I.J. (1961). Remarks on the Mind-Body Question. The Scientist Speculates: An Anthology of Partly-Baked Ideas, Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"145","article-title":"Wigner\u2019s view of physical reality","volume":"30","author":"Esfeld","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. Part B Studies Hist. Philos. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"2","article-title":"Decoherence q-c transition","volume":"27","author":"Zurek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Los Alamos Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"45","article-title":"The death of Schrodinger\u2019s cat and of consciousness-based quantum wave-function collapse","volume":"31","author":"Carpenter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Fond. Louis Broglie"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/8\/660\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:29:11Z","timestamp":1760110151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/8\/660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["e26080660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e26080660","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]}}}