{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:26Z","timestamp":1760145866581,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israel Science Foundation","award":["2392\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2392\/19"]}]},{"name":"a post-doctoral research fellowship at All Souls College, University of Oxford","award":["2392\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2392\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional neuroimaging analysis takes noisy multidimensional measurements as input and produces statistical inferences regarding the functional properties of brain regions as output. Such inferences are most commonly model-based, in that they assume a model of how neural activity translates to the measured signal (blood oxygenation level-dependent signal in the case of functional MRI). The use of models increases statistical sensitivity and makes it possible to ask fine-grained theoretical questions. However, this comes at the cost of making theoretical assumptions about the underlying data-generating process. An advantage of model-free approaches is that they can be used in cases where model assumptions are known not to hold. To this end, we introduce a randomization-based, model-free approach to functional neuroimaging. TWISTER randomization makes it possible to infer functional selectivity from correlations between experimental runs. We provide a proof of concept in the form of a visuomotor mapping experiment and discuss the possible strengths and limitations of this new approach in light of our empirical results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26090751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T12:54:42Z","timestamp":1725281682000},"page":"751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Randomization-Based, Model-Free Approach to Functional Neuroimaging: A Proof of Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matan","family":"Mazor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All Souls College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK"},{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Mukamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","volume":"87","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. 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