{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:45:47Z","timestamp":1763142347074,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]],"date-time":"2024-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","award":["MOST 109-2221-E-A49-001-MY3","NSTC 112-2221-E-040-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2221-E-A49-001-MY3","NSTC 112-2221-E-040-009"]}]},{"name":"Chung Shan Medical University","award":["MOST 109-2221-E-A49-001-MY3","NSTC 112-2221-E-040-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2221-E-A49-001-MY3","NSTC 112-2221-E-040-009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Individuals with gaming disorder (GD) show emotional dysregulation and autonomic dysfunction in daily life. Although studies have shown that the relaxation method of breathing exercise (BE) improves cardiopulmonary synchrony, the physiological regularity and synchrony of GD remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the regularities of pulse wave (PW), thoracic wall movement (TWM), and abdominal wall movement (AWM) using sample entropy (SE) and assessed the vascular-respiratory and TWM-AWM synchrony using cross-sample entropy (CSE). Twenty individuals with GD and 26 healthy control (HC) individuals participated in baseline, gaming, and recovery stages, both before and after BEs. The results showed that both groups had significantly higher SETWM, SEAWM, and CSETWM-AWM during gaming than baseline. Before BE, CSEPW-TWM and CSEPW-AWM during gaming were considerably higher in the GD group than in the HC group. Compared to before BE, both groups had decreased SETWM and CSETWM-AWM during gaming, particularly in the HC group. Online gaming may induce pulse wave and respiratory irregularities, as well as thoracic\u2013abdominal wall movement asynchrony. Individuals with GD who engage in prolonged gaming periods may exhibit lower vascular\u2013respiratory synchrony compared to the HC group. SETWM, SEAWM, CSETWM-AWM, CSEPW-TWM, and CSEPW-AWM may serve as biomarkers for assessing the risk of GD. BE may improve TWM regularity and vascular\u2013respiratory synchrony during gaming, potentially alleviating addictive behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26090769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T05:06:06Z","timestamp":1725858366000},"page":"769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiological Regularity and Synchrony in Individuals with Gaming Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5707-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Ming","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2493-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzu-Chien","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13754","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Paulus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. 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