{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:49:04Z","timestamp":1781768944507,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"VolkswagenStiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZ 97-932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 97-932"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001663","name":"VolkswagenStiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACF-2023-13-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACF-2023-13-013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship","award":["AZ 97-932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 97-932"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship","award":["ACF-2023-13-013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACF-2023-13-013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Active inference describes (Bayes-optimal) behaviour as being motivated by the minimisation of surprise of one\u2019s sensory observations, through the optimisation of a generative model (of the hidden causes of one\u2019s sensory data) in the brain. One of active inference\u2019s key appeals is its conceptualisation of precision as biasing neuronal communication and, thus, inference within generative models. The importance of precision in perceptual inference is evident\u2014many studies have demonstrated the importance of ensuring precision estimates are correct for normal (healthy) sensation and perception. Here, we highlight the many roles precision plays in action, i.e., the key processes that rely on adequate estimates of precision, from decision making and action planning to the initiation and control of muscle movement itself. Thereby, we focus on the recent development of hierarchical, \u201cmixed\u201d models\u2014generative models spanning multiple levels of discrete and continuous inference. These kinds of models open up new perspectives on the unified description of hierarchical computation, and its implementation, in action. Here, we highlight how these models reflect the many roles of precision in action\u2014from planning to execution\u2014and the associated pathologies if precision estimation goes wrong. We also discuss the potential biological implementation of the associated message passing, focusing on the role of neuromodulatory systems in mediating different kinds of precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26090790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T11:36:37Z","timestamp":1726486597000},"page":"790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Many Roles of Precision in Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9673-5500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Limanowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7661-8881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London WC1N 6LJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kilner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Parr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parr, T., Pezzulo, G., and Friston, K.J. 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