{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:59Z","timestamp":1760146019801,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]],"date-time":"2024-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2022YFA1005000","62071392","cqupt-mct-202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1005000","62071392","cqupt-mct-202302"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFA1005000","62071392","cqupt-mct-202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1005000","62071392","cqupt-mct-202302"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology","award":["2022YFA1005000","62071392","cqupt-mct-202302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1005000","62071392","cqupt-mct-202302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless hierarchical federated learning (WHFL) is an implementation of wireless federated Learning (WFL) on a cloud\u2013edge\u2013client hierarchical architecture that accelerates model training and achieves more favorable trade-offs between communication and computation. However, due to the broadcast nature of wireless communication, the WHFL is susceptible to eavesdropping during the training process. Apart from this, recently ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) has received much attention since it serves as a critical communication service in current 5G and upcoming 6G, and this motivates us to study the URLLC-WHFL in the presence of physical layer security (PLS) issue. In this paper, we propose a secure finite block-length (FBL) approach for the multi-antenna URLLC-WHFL, and characterize the relationship between privacy, utility, and PLS of the proposed scheme. Simulation results show that when the eavesdropper\u2019s CSI is perfectly known by the edge server, our proposed FBL approach not only almost achieves perfect secrecy but also does not affect learning performance, and further shows the robustness of our schemes against imperfect CSI of the eavesdropper\u2019s channel. This paper provides a new method for the URLLC-WHFL in the presence of PLS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26100827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:19:37Z","timestamp":1727680777000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Wireless Hierarchical Federated Learning: Performance Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9608-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest JiaoTong University, Chengdu 611756, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Lab of Information Coding and Transmission, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3507-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest JiaoTong University, Chengdu 611756, China"},{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Provincial Key Lab of Information Coding and Transmission, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.1900103","article-title":"Toward an Intelligent Edge: Wireless Communication Meets Machine Learning","volume":"58","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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