{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:28:01Z","timestamp":1768829281631,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2800800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2800800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20233578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20233578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62394292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62394290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Funded Postdoctoral Researcher Program","award":["2021YFB2800800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2800800"]}]},{"name":"National Funded Postdoctoral Researcher Program","award":["GZC20233578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20233578"]}]},{"name":"National Funded Postdoctoral Researcher Program","award":["62394292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394292"]}]},{"name":"National Funded Postdoctoral Researcher Program","award":["62394290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394290"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2800800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2800800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20233578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20233578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62394292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62394290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as an aerial base station or relay device is a promising technology to rapidly provide wireless connectivity to ground device. Given UAV\u2019s agility and mobility, ground user\u2019s mobility, a key question is how to analyze and value the performance of UAV-based wireless channel in the terahertz (THz) band. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) time-varying channel model is proposed for UAV-based dual-mobility wireless channels based on geometric channel model theory in THz band. In this proposed channel model, the small-scale fading (e.g., scattering fading and reflection fading) on rough surfaces of communication environment and the atmospheric molecule absorption attenuations are considered in THz band. Moreover, the statistical properties of the proposed channel model, including path loss, time autocorrelation function (T-ACF) and Doppler power spectrum density (DPSD), have been derived and the impact of several important UAV-related and vehicle-related parameters have been investigated and compared to millimeter wave (mm-wave) band. Furthermore, the correctness of the proposed channel model has been verified via simulation, and some useful observations are provided for the system design of THz UAV-based dual-mobility wireless communication systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26110924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T09:11:24Z","timestamp":1730279484000},"page":"924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Three-Dimensional Time-Varying Channel Model for THz UAV-Based Dual-Mobility Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-8316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"given":"Fenglei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]},{"given":"Changming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Novel Computational Sensing and Intelligent Processing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2020.3018436","article-title":"6G wireless channel measurements and models trends and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3143500","article-title":"A 3D geometry-based THz channel model for 6G ultra massive MIMO systems","volume":"71","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valavanis, K.P., and Vachtsevanos, G.J. (2015). Handbook of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9707-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namuduri, K., Chaumette, S., Kim, J.H., and Sterbenz, J.P. (2017). UAV Networks and Communications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316335765"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2902862","article-title":"A tutorial on UAVs for wireless networks: Applications, challenges, and open problems","volume":"21","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-018-9559-8","article-title":"Distributed drone base station positioning for emergency cellular networks using reinforcement learning","volume":"10","author":"Klaine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2950041","article-title":"Selfenergized UAV-assisted scheme for cooperative wireless relay networks","volume":"69","author":"Jayakody","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9882","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3003301","article-title":"On cooperative achievable rates of UAV assisted cellular networks","volume":"69","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11154","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3116953","article-title":"3D Non-Stationary Wideband UAV-to-Ground MIMO Channel Models Based on Aeronautic Random Mobility Model","volume":"70","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3108411","article-title":"A Non-Stationary 3-D Wideband Channel Model for Low Altitude UAV-MIMO Communication Systems","volume":"9","author":"Lian","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, L., Huang, Z., Zhang, X., and Cheng, X. (2021). A Non-Stationary 3D Model for 6G Massive MIMO mmWave UAV Channels. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3128970"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3088659","article-title":"A Non-Stationary Geometry-Based MIMO Channel Model for Millimeter-Wave UAV Networks","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3005471","article-title":"Air-to-Ground Wireless Links for High-Speed UAVs","volume":"38","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4960136","article-title":"160 Gbit\/s photonics wireless transmission in the 300\u2013500 GHz band","volume":"1","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"APL Photon."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3093628","article-title":"Tbit\/s multi-dimensional multiplexing THz-over-fiber for 6G wireless communication","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2862141","article-title":"A survey of 5G channel measurements and models","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78729","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921522","article-title":"Wireless communications and applications above 100 GHz: Opportunities and challenges for 6G and beyond","volume":"7","author":"Rappaport","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3071850","article-title":"A General 3D Space-Time-Frequency Non-Stationary THz Channel Model for 6G Ultra-Massive MIMO Wireless Communication Systems","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2014.2386335","article-title":"Multiray channel modeling and wideband characterization for wireless communications in the terahertz band","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2021.05.004","article-title":"A 3-D hybrid dynamic channel model for indoor THz communications","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12312","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3117239","article-title":"A novel 3D non-stationary GBSM for 6G THz ultra-massive MIMO wireless systems","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Wang, H., Zhang, C., Yu, X., and Dong, Y. (June, January 28). Three-dimensional non-stationary geometry-based modeling of sub-THz MIMO channels for UAV air-to-ground communications. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Wang, H., Zhang, C., Yu, X., and Dong, Y. (2023, January 10\u201312). Three dimensional geometry based stochastic model for sub-terahertz air to air UAV-MIMO channels. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CIC lnternational Conference on Communications, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC57788.2023.10233307"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26888","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3381476","article-title":"Nonstationary Channel Modeling for Wireless Communications Underlaying UAV-Based RelayAssisted IIoT Networks in the Subterahertz Band","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2024, July 20). International Telecommunication Union, Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R), Recommendation P.676-11, Attenuation by Atmospheric GASES. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/R-REC-P.676-11-201609-I."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/11\/924\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:23:56Z","timestamp":1760113436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/26\/11\/924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["e26110924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e26110924","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]}}}