{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:25:32Z","timestamp":1761402332085,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSFC of China","award":["12104056","12104055","12404558","12004042","Z190012","2018B030326001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104056","12104055","12404558","12004042","Z190012","2018B030326001"]}]},{"name":"NSF of Beijing","award":["12104056","12104055","12404558","12004042","Z190012","2018B030326001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104056","12104055","12404558","12004042","Z190012","2018B030326001"]}]},{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guang Dong Province","award":["12104056","12104055","12404558","12004042","Z190012","2018B030326001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12104056","12104055","12404558","12004042","Z190012","2018B030326001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have shown strong evidence to gain provable computational advantages in diverse fields such as finance, machine learning, and chemistry. However, the heuristic ansatz exploited in modern VQAs is incapable of balancing the trade-off between expressivity and trainability, which may lead to degraded performance when executed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) machines. To address this issue, here, we demonstrate the first proof-of-principle experiment of applying an efficient automatic ansatz design technique, i.e., quantum architecture search (QAS), to enhance VQAs on an 8-qubit superconducting quantum processor. In particular, we apply QAS to tailor the hardware-efficient ansatz toward classification tasks. Compared with heuristic ans\u00e4tze, the ansatz designed by QAS improves the test accuracy from 31% to 98%. We further explain this superior performance by visualizing the loss landscape and analyzing effective parameters of all ans\u00e4tze. Our work provides concrete guidance for developing variable ans\u00e4tze to tackle various large-scale quantum learning problems with advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e26121025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T04:20:12Z","timestamp":1732681212000},"page":"1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantum Circuit Architecture Search on a Superconducting Processor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4092-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kehuan","family":"Linghu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"JD Explore Academy, Beijing 102628, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng-Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuegang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8909-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huikai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong E.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Hsiu","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Quantum Software and Information, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingyao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JD Explore Academy, Beijing 102628, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JD Explore Academy, Beijing 102628, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dacheng","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JD Explore Academy, Beijing 102628, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5","article-title":"Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting 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