{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T12:32:36Z","timestamp":1770467556432,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006198","name":"NASA SENSE contract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80GSFC19C0063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80GSFC19C0063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polarization mode dispersion can introduce quantum decoherence in polarization encoded information, limiting the range of quantum communications protocols. Therefore, strategies to nullify the effect would reduce quantum decoherence and potentially increase the operational range of such technology. We constructed a quantum model of polarization mode dispersion alongside a two-level absorbing material. The two-level material serves to destructively measure one of two orthogonal polarization modes, thus projecting the polarization onto the other state. The theoretical results are supported by a numerical simulation in Mathematica Documentation where we compare the evolution of the polarization state with and without the absorbing material. We find that this strategy is effective in suppressing the effects of polarization mode dispersion, and that this method produces a global phase shift related to the waveguide\u2019s birefringent properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27010027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T11:24:19Z","timestamp":1735730659000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Suppressing Polarization Mode Dispersion with the Quantum Zeno Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ian","family":"Nodurft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peraton, Reston, VA 20190, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2898-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodriguez Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Naimipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7241-3793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, G.P. (2019). Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817042-7.00018-X"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kogelnik, H., Jopsonm, R.M., and Nelson, L.E. (2002). Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-B, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, K. (2006). Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012525096-2\/50003-9"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1109\/50.85780","article-title":"Polarization mode dispersion of short and long single-mode fibers","volume":"9","author":"Gisin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubovan, J., Litvik, J., Benedikovic, D., Mullerov, J., Glesk, I., Veselovsky, A., and Dado, M. (2020). Impact of Wind Gust on High-Speed Characteristics of Polarization Mode Dispersion in Optical Power Ground Wire Cables. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247110"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1986.1074847","article-title":"Polarization-maintaining fibers and their applications","volume":"4","author":"Noda","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"323","article-title":"Development of Low- and High- Birefringence Optical Fibers","volume":"477","author":"Payne","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1983.1072121","article-title":"Origins and control of polarization effects in single-mode fibers","volume":"1","author":"Rashleigh","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Dyott, R.B. (1995). Elliptical Fiber Waveguides, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1109\/50.39088","article-title":"A new single-polarization optical fiber","volume":"7","author":"Tajima","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1109\/50.85779","article-title":"A Broad-Band Single Polarization Optical Fiber","volume":"9","author":"Messerly","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.5188","article-title":"A One-Way Quantum Computer","volume":"86","author":"Raussdorf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022312","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.68.022312","article-title":"Measurement-based quantum computation on cluster states","volume":"68","author":"Raussendorf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-014-0339-x","article-title":"Controlled quantum secure direct communication and authentication protocol based on five-particle cluster state and quantum one-time pad","volume":"59","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Nielsen, M.A., and Chuang, I.L. (2010). Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press, University Printing House. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/37539","article-title":"Experimental quantum teleportation","volume":"390","author":"Bouwmeester","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1063\/1.523304","article-title":"The Zeno\u2019s paradox in quantum theory","volume":"18","author":"Misra","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Math. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-9601(00)00566-1","article-title":"Quantum Zeno Dynamics","volume":"275","author":"Facchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.70.062302","article-title":"Quantum computing using single photons and the Zeno effect","volume":"70","author":"Franson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022317","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.022317","article-title":"Entangling photons via the double quantum Zeno effect","volume":"84","author":"Brinke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shringarpure, S.U., and Franson, J.D. (2022). Inhibiting Phase Drift in Multi-Atom Clocks Using the Quantum Zeno Effect. Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2022 (FIO, LS), Optica Publishing Group.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1926510\/v1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31971","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.464550","article-title":"Generation of polarization entanglement via the quantum Zeno effect","volume":"30","author":"Nodurft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4194","article-title":"Experimental realization of quantum zeno dynamics","volume":"5","author":"Schafer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Griffiths, D.J. (2005). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Pearson Education, Inc., Pearson Prentice Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063410","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.063410","article-title":"Optical pumping and spectroscopy of Cs vapor at high magnetic field","volume":"84","author":"Olsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.77.633","article-title":"Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media","volume":"84","author":"Fleischhauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062820","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.108.062820","article-title":"Electromagnetically induced transparency and optical pumping in the hyperfine Paschen-Back regime","volume":"108","author":"Mottola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.45.3126","article-title":"Nonlocal cancellation of dispersion","volume":"45","author":"Franson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013713","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.102.013713","article-title":"Nonlocal dispersion cancellation for three or more photons","volume":"102","author":"Nodurft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerry, C.C., and Knight, P.L. (2005). Introductory Quantum Optics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511791239"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Baym, G. (1969). Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Cohen-Tannoudji, C., Diu, B., and Laloe, F. (1977). Quantum Mechanics, Hermann and John Wiley & Sons, Inc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.25.2208","article-title":"Quantum eraser: A proposed photon correlation experiment concerning observation and \u201cdelayed choice\u201d in quantum mechanics","volume":"25","author":"Scully","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"30453","article-title":"Demonstration of quantum synchronization based on second-order quantum coherence of entangled photons","volume":"6","author":"Quan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.001764","article-title":"Stable single-photon interference in a 1 km fiber-optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer with continuous phase adjustment","volume":"36","author":"Xavier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053427","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.88.053427","article-title":"Quantum interference control of a four-level diamond-configuration quantum system","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0327","article-title":"A topological quantum optics interface","volume":"359","author":"Barik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/1\/27\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:23:05Z","timestamp":1759850585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/1\/27"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["e27010027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e27010027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}