{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T13:31:47Z","timestamp":1770730307839,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a distinct mechanism to explain the matter\u2013antimatter imbalance observed in the universe, rooted in quantum entanglement asymmetry (QEA). Our concept of QEA differs from its usage in the recent literature, where it typically measures how much symmetry is broken within a subsystem of a larger quantum system. Here, we define QEA as an intrinsic asymmetry in the entanglement properties of particle\u2013antiparticle pairs in the early universe, leading to a preferential survival of matter over antimatter. We develop a theoretical framework incorporating QEA into the standard cosmological model, providing clear justification for the asymmetry in entangled states and corresponding modifications to the Hamiltonian. Numerical simulations using lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) demonstrate that QEA can produce a net baryon asymmetry consistent with observations. We also predict specific signatures in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies and large-scale structure formation, offering potential avenues for empirical verification. This work aims to deepen the understanding of cosmological asymmetries and highlight the significance of quantum entanglement in the universe\u2019s evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27020103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1737517217000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantum Entanglement Asymmetry and the Cosmic Matter\u2013Antimatter Imbalance: A Theoretical and Observational Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2562-1618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Neukart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Gebouw-BE-Vleugel, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Terra Quantum AG, Kornhausstrasse 25, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095012","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/14\/9\/095012","article-title":"Matter and antimatter in the universe","volume":"14","author":"Canetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.76.1","article-title":"The origin of the matter\u2013antimatter asymmetry","volume":"76","author":"Dine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1070\/PU1991v034n05ABEH002497","article-title":"Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe","volume":"34","author":"Sakharov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Uspekhi"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.13.138","article-title":"Evidence for the 2\u03c0 decay of the K20 meson","volume":"13","author":"Christenson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nucl.49.1.35","article-title":"Recent progress in baryogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Riotto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"042111","article-title":"Entanglement asymmetry as a probe of superselection rules","volume":"86","author":"Friis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Peskin, M.E., and Schroeder, D.V. (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison\u2013Wesley."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Cheng, T.-P., and Li, L.-F. (1984). Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branco, G.C., Lavoura, L., and Silva, J.P. (1999). CP Violation, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198503996.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Weinberg, S. (1996). The Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol. II: Modern Applications, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kolb, E.W., and Turner, M.S. (1990). The Early Universe, Addison\u2013Wesley."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(81)90059-4","article-title":"Grand unified theories and proton decay","volume":"72","author":"Langacker","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(84)90008-5","article-title":"Supersymmetry, supergravity and particle physics","volume":"110","author":"Nilles","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217732394000629","article-title":"Standard Model CP violation and baryon asymmetry","volume":"9","author":"Gavela","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dine, M. (2007). Supersymmetry and String Theory: Beyond the Standard Model, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511618482"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(86)91126-3","article-title":"Baryogenesis without Grand Unification","volume":"174","author":"Fukugita","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysb.2007.02.016","article-title":"Spacetime instanton corrections in 4D string vacua\u2014The seesaw mechanism for D-brane models","volume":"771","author":"Blumenhagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(85)91028-7","article-title":"Anomalous electroweak baryon-number non-conservation and GUT mechanisms for baryogenesis","volume":"155","author":"Kuzmin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1086\/309179","article-title":"Efficient computation of cosmic microwave background anisotropies in closed Friedmann\u2013Robertson\u2013Walker models","volume":"538","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Planck Collaboration, Aghanim, N., Akrami, Y., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A.J., Barreiro, R.B., and Bartolo, N. (2020). Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Astron. Astrophys., 641, A6.","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201832909"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103511","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.66.103511","article-title":"Cosmological parameters from CMB and other data: A Monte Carlo approach","volume":"66","author":"Lewis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2011\/07\/034","article-title":"The Cosmic Linear Anisotropy Solving System (CLASS). Part II: Approximation schemes","volume":"2011","author":"Blas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stx721","article-title":"The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Cosmological analysis of the DR12 galaxy sample","volume":"470","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2018.06.022","article-title":"PArthENoPE reloaded","volume":"233","author":"Consiglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015004","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.88.015004","article-title":"Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: 2015","volume":"88","author":"Cyburt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/2\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:33:19Z","timestamp":1759919599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/2\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["e27020103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e27020103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}}}