{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:40:14Z","timestamp":1780638014108,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen, China","award":["3502Z20227192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z20227192"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen, China","award":["62002124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62002124"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3502Z20227192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3502Z20227192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62002124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62002124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme for images with an improved convolutional neural network (CNN) predictor (ICNNP) that consists of three modules for feature extraction, pixel prediction, and complexity prediction, respectively. Due to predicting the complexity of each pixel with the ICNNP during the embedding process, the proposed scheme can achieve superior performance compared to a CNNP-based scheme. Specifically, an input image is first split into two sub-images, i.e., a \u201cCircle\u201d sub-image and a \u201cSquare\u201d sub-image. Meanwhile, each sub-image is applied to predict another one with the ICNNP. Then, the prediction errors of pixels are sorted based on the predicted pixel complexities. In light of this, some sorted prediction errors with less complexity are selected to be efficiently applied for low-distortion data embedding with a traditional histogram-shifting technique. Experimental results show that the proposed ICNNP can achieve better rate-distortion performance than the CNNP, demonstrating its effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27020159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T05:36:32Z","timestamp":1738560992000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Improved CNN Prediction Based Reversible Data Hiding for Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5352-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingqiang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2573308","article-title":"Reversible data hiding: Advances in the past two decades","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3676955","article-title":"A survey on reversible data hiding for uncompressed images","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. 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