{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T19:11:34Z","timestamp":1780341094511,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Advanced Manufacturing Office","award":["DE-EE0010199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-EE0010199"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To increase energy efficiency, heat pump dryers and membrane dryers have been proposed to replace conventional fossil fuel dryers. Both conventional and heat pump dryers require substantial energy for condensing and reheating, while \u201cactive\u201d membrane systems require vacuum pumps that are insufficiently developed. Lower temperature dehumidification systems make efficient use of membrane energy recovery ventilators (MERVs) that do not need vacuum pumps, but their high heat losses and lack of vapor selectivity have prevented their use in industrial drying. In this work, we propose an insulating membrane energy recovery ventilator for moisture removal from drying exhaust air, thereby reducing sensible heat loss from the dehumidification process and reheating energy. The second law analysis of the proposed system is carried out and compared with a baseline convective heat pump dryer. Irreversibilities in each component under different ambient temperatures (5\u201335 \u00b0C) and relative humidity (5\u201395%) are identified. At an ambient temperature of 35 \u00b0C, the proposed system substantially reduces sensible heat loss (47\u201360%) in the dehumidification process, resulting in a large reduction in condenser load (45\u201350%) compared to the baseline system. The evaporator in the proposed system accounts for up to 59% less irreversibility than the baseline system. A maximum of 24.5% reduction in overall exergy input is also observed. The highest exergy efficiency of 10.2% is obtained at an ambient condition of 35 \u00b0C and 5% relative humidity, which is more than twice the efficiency of the baseline system under the same operating condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27020197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T10:36:58Z","timestamp":1739443018000},"page":"197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exergy Analysis of a Convective Heat Pump Dryer Integrated with a Membrane Energy Recovery Ventilator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Balaraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9510-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Ashiqur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Ziviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3446-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Warsinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1081\/DRT-120038572","article-title":"Energy Aspects in Drying","volume":"22","author":"Kudra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2013.822649","article-title":"Editorial: On Revised and Enhanced Versions of the Handbook of Industrial Drying","volume":"32","author":"Mujumdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U. S. Energy Information Administration (2010). Annual Energy Outlook 2010, with Projections to 2035. DOE\/EIA-0383(2010)."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/htj.21662","article-title":"Convective Drying of Food Materials: An Overview with Fundamental Aspect, Recent Developments, and Summary","volume":"49","author":"Chandramohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heat Transf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1081\/DRT-100107282","article-title":"Convective Drying of Agricultural Products. Effect of Continuous and Stepwise Change in Drying Air Temperature","volume":"19","author":"Chua","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-66322005000200005","article-title":"Overview of New Techniques for Drying Biological Materials with Emphasis on Energy Aspects","volume":"22","author":"Raghavan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23998","article-title":"Next Generation Drying Technologies for Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"103","author":"Walters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2021.1938599","article-title":"The State of the Art in Energy Saving Techniques for Garment\/Textile Drying","volume":"40","author":"Garimella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2016.1192190","article-title":"Analysis and Modeling of Drying Behavior of Knitted Textile Materials","volume":"35","author":"Cay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.09.014","article-title":"Evaluation of Energy Consumption in Different Drying Methods","volume":"52","author":"Motevali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.114","article-title":"Improving Exergetic Performance Parameters of a Rotating-Tray Air Dryer via a Simple Heat Exchanger","volume":"94","author":"Ghasemkhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2019.1587617","article-title":"Enhancing the Exergetic Performance of a Pilot-Scale Convective Dryer by Exhaust Air Recirculation","volume":"38","author":"Zohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Advanced Manufacturing Office (2022). Thermal Process Intensification: Transforming the Way Industry Uses Thermal Process Energy."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.07.072","article-title":"Review of Heat Pump Systems for Drying Application","volume":"15","author":"Goh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00231-016-1946-7","article-title":"Investigation of Drying Kinetics of Tomato Slices Dried by Using a Closed Loop Heat Pump Dryer","volume":"53","author":"Doymaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heat Mass Transf. Waerme Und Stoffuebertragung"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2021.117545","article-title":"Process Simulation and Analysis of a Closed-Loop Heat Pump Clothes Dryer","volume":"199","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13566","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13566","article-title":"Investigation of Performance and Drying Kinetics of the Closed, Partially Open, and Open Heat Pump Drying Systems","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2012.763044","article-title":"Advanced Exergy Analysis of a Heat Pump Drying System Used in Food Drying","volume":"31","author":"Erbay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2013.829853","article-title":"Exergoeconomic Analysis of a Heat Pump Tumbler Dryer","volume":"32","author":"Ganjehsarabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2004.07.015","article-title":"Energy Efficient Liquid Desiccant-Based Dryer","volume":"25","author":"Rane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.18280\/ijht.390509","article-title":"Review of Desiccant in the Drying and Air-Conditioning Application","volume":"39","author":"Ramli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2010.09.014","article-title":"Experimental Study of an Energy Efficient Hybrid System for Surface Drying","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2018.01.025","article-title":"Tomato Slices Drying in a Liquid Desiccant-Assisted Solar Dryer Coupled with a Photovoltaic-Thermal Regeneration System","volume":"162","author":"Dorouzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2010.03.042","article-title":"Using Power Ultrasound for the Regeneration of Dehumidifiers in Desiccant Air-Conditioning Systems: A Review of Prospective Studies and Unexplored Issues","volume":"14","author":"Yao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2011.09.008","article-title":"Development of Solid Desiccant Dehumidification Using Electro-Osmosis Regeneration Method for HVAC Application","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.04.041","article-title":"Review of Solid\/Liquid Desiccant in the Drying Applications and Its Regeneration Methods","volume":"16","author":"Misha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117547","article-title":"Hybrid Membrane Dehumidification and Dewpoint Evaporative Cooling for Sustainable Air Conditioning","volume":"294","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.118768","article-title":"Vapor-Selective Active Membrane Energy Exchanger with Mechanical Ventilation and Indoor Air Recirculation","volume":"312","author":"Fix","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.03.010","article-title":"Performance of a Quasi-Counter-Flow Air-to-Air Membrane Energy Exchanger in Cold Climates","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2022.112097","article-title":"A Review of Air-to-Air Membrane Energy Recovery Technology for Building Ventilation","volume":"265","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111941","article-title":"Study on Recent Progress and Advances in Air-to-Air Membrane Enthalpy Exchangers: Materials Selection, Performance Improvement, Design Optimisation and Effects of Operating Conditions","volume":"156","author":"Albdoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109430","article-title":"Use of Membrane Energy Exchanger in Ventilation: Odour Sensory Measurement","volume":"222","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.067","article-title":"Isothermal membrane-based air dehumidification: A comprehensive review","volume":"82","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.118097","article-title":"Design Optimization of Hollow Fiber Membranes for Passive Air Dehumidification in Drying Applications","volume":"302","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.10.009","article-title":"The Energy Saving Potentials of Zone-Level Membrane-Based Enthalpy Recovery Ventilators for VAV Systems in Commercial Buildings","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.05.020","article-title":"Membrane Heat Exchanger in HVAC Energy Recovery Systems, Systems Energy Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Nasif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017028","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000439","article-title":"Energy and Exergy Analyses of an Air Membrane Heat and Mass Exchanger for Air Conditioning Applications","volume":"143","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Energy Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, A.S., Alenezi, A.H., Alhajeri, H.M., Alazemi, S.F., Almutairi, H.H., and Alzuwayer, B. (2022). Exergy and Exergoeconomic Analyses of Air Conditioning Applications Integrated with an Air Membrane Exchanger. Processes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10030474"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.01.092","article-title":"Membrane Processes for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning","volume":"33","author":"Woods","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2022.111341","article-title":"Tray Dryer Design under Feed Uncertainty: A Case Study on a Nutraceutical Beverage","volume":"341","author":"Galatro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12196","article-title":"Modeling the Thin-Layer Drying of Fruits and Vegetables: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Onwude","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2008.05.003","article-title":"Performance of a New Refrigeration Cycle Using Refrigerant Mixture R32\/R134a for Residential Air-Conditioner Applications","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2022.02.004","article-title":"Thermodynamic Study of Carbon Dioxide Transcritical Refrigeration Cycle with Dedicated Subcooling and Cascade Recooling","volume":"137","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Refrig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116810","article-title":"Considerations on Alternative Organic Rankine Cycle Congurations for Low-Grade Waste Heat Recovery","volume":"193","author":"Woodland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120224","article-title":"Performance analysis of a novel augmented desalination and cooling system using modified vapor compression refrigeration integrated with humidification-dehumidification desalination","volume":"255","author":"Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrefrig.2006.08.006","article-title":"The Impact of Fouling on the Performance of Filter-Evaporator Combinations","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Refrig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113618","article-title":"Energy Saving Potential of a Vacuum-Based Membrane Dehumidifier in a Dedicated Outdoor Air System","volume":"227","author":"Cheon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2004.02.002","article-title":"Airflow through Beds of Apples and Chicory Roots","volume":"88","author":"Verboven","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.01.146","article-title":"An Efficient Correlation for Heat and Mass Transfer Effectiveness in Tumble-Type Clothes Dryer Drums","volume":"172","author":"Gluesenkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2023.121514","article-title":"A General Effectiveness-NTU Modeling Framework for Membrane Dehumidification Systems","volume":"236","author":"Fix","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2021.117699","article-title":"Energy and Exergy Analysis during Drying in Rotary Dryers from Finite Control Volumes: Applications to the Drying of Olive Stone","volume":"200","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1002\/er.933","article-title":"Application of exergy analysis to various psychrometric processes","volume":"27","author":"Qureshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1995.070580809","article-title":"Modeling and Design of an Industrial Dryer with Convective and Radiant Heating","volume":"58","author":"Cairncross","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119407","article-title":"Waste Heat Recovery in Commercial Gas-Fired Tumble Dryers","volume":"218","author":"Garimella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhajeri, N.S., Dannoun, M., Alrashed, A., and Aly, A.Z. (2019). Environmental and Economic Impacts of Increased Utilization of Natural Gas in the Electric Power Generation Sector: Evaluating the Benefits and Trade-Offs of Fuel Switching. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng., 71.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2019.102969"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2021.1882441","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Natural Gas and Biogas Combustion in A Swirling Flow Gas Turbine Combustor","volume":"194","author":"Hoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand, L., and Rose, W. (2012). Measure Guideline: High Efficiency Natural Gas Furnaces Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit.","DOI":"10.2172\/1055377"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.126","article-title":"A Criterial Analysis of the Effectiveness of Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers with Periodic Change of Airflow Direction","volume":"130","author":"Borodulin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(00)80345-8","article-title":"Combustion of natural gas with high-temperature air and large quantities of flue gas","volume":"28","author":"Weber","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2004.01.004","article-title":"Evaluation of retrofitting a conventional natural gas fired boiler into a condensing boiler","volume":"45","author":"Che","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.01.004","article-title":"Energy and exergy utilization in agricultural sector of Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Dincer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121708","article-title":"Energy-efficient gas-fired tumble dryer with adsorption thermal storage","volume":"239","author":"Garimella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/2\/197\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:33:12Z","timestamp":1760027592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/2\/197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["e27020197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e27020197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1099-4300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}