{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:38:33Z","timestamp":1760524713369,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42222405","42404063","JPJ010217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42222405","42404063","JPJ010217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MEXT project for seismology toward research innovation with earthquake data (STAR-E project)","award":["42222405","42404063","JPJ010217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42222405","42404063","JPJ010217"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Characterized by frequent earthquakes and a dense population, Yunnan Province, China, faces significant seismic hazards and is a hot place for earthquake forecasting research. In a previous study, we evaluated the performance of the b value for 5-year seismic forecasting during 2000\u20132019 and made a forward prediction of M \u2265 5.0 earthquakes in 2020\u20132024. In this study, with the forecast period having passed, we first revisit the results and assess the forward prediction performance. Then, the background seismicity rate, which may also offer valuable long-term forecasting information, is incorporated into earthquake prediction for Yunnan Province. To assess the effectiveness of the prediction, the Molchan Error Diagram (MED), Probability Gain (PG), and Probability Difference (PD) are employed. Using a 25-year catalog, the spatial b value and background seismicity rate across five temporal windows are calculated, and 86 M \u2265 5.0 earthquakes as prediction samples are examined. The predictive performance of the background seismicity rate and b value is comprehensively tested and shown to be useful for 5-year forecasting in Yunnan. The performance of the b value exhibits a positive correlation with the predicted earthquake magnitude. The synergistic effect of combining these two predictors is also revealed. Finally, using the threshold corresponding to the maximum PD, we integrate the forecast information of background seismicity rates and the b value. A forward prediction is derived for the period from January 2025 to December 2029. This study can be helpful for disaster preparedness and risk management in Yunnan Province, China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27020205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T04:40:25Z","timestamp":1739767225000},"page":"205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Earthquake Forecasting Based on b Value and Background Seismicity Rate in Yunnan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6069-5229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Forecasting and Risk Assessment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancang","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BGRIMM Technology Group, Institute of Mining Engineering, Beijing 100160, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youjin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650224, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0059-1766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Forecasting and Risk Assessment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0340040185","article-title":"Frequency of Earthquakes in California","volume":"34","author":"Gutenberg","year":"1944","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"A Method for Determing the Value of b in a Formula Log N=a-BM Showing the Magnitude-Frequency Relation for Earthquakes","volume":"13","author":"Utsu","year":"1965","journal-title":"Geophys. Bull. Hokkaido Univ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variations in the B-Value of Earthquake Magnitude\u2013Frequency Distributions: Classification and Causes","volume":"615\u2013616","author":"Eaton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20304","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052997","article-title":"Decade-Scale Decrease in b Value Prior to the M9-Class 2011 Tohoku and 2004 Sumatra Quakes","volume":"39","author":"Nanjo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1874","article-title":"Decrease in b Value Prior to the Wenchuan Earthquake (Ms8.0)","volume":"61","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kulh\u00e1nek, O. (2005). Seminar on B-Value, Uppsala University."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L11307","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022679","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal b Value Anomalies Preceding the Devastating off Coast of NW Sumatra Earthquake of December 26, 2004","volume":"32","author":"Nuannin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2021.229175","article-title":"Changes in Seismicity Pattern Due to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence and Implications for Improving the Foreshock Traffic-Light System","volume":"822","author":"Nanjo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(88)90164-1","article-title":"Fractal Distributions of Stress and Strength and Variations of B-Value","volume":"91","author":"Huang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50837-3","article-title":"B Map Evaluation and On-Fault Stress State for the Antakya 2023 Earthquakes","volume":"14","author":"Convertito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-3473-2012","article-title":"Order Parameter Fluctuations in Natural Time and B-Value Variation before Large Earthquakes","volume":"12","author":"Varotsos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9192","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JA020580","article-title":"Study of the Temporal Correlations in the Magnitude Time Series before Major Earthquakes in Japan","volume":"119","author":"Varotsos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422893112","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variations of Seismicity before Major Earthquakes in the Japanese Area and Their Relation with the Epicentral Locations","volume":"112","author":"Sarlis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062863","article-title":"On the Stress Dependence of Earthquake b Value","volume":"42","author":"Scholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076694","article-title":"Relationship Between Earthquake B-Values and Crustal Stresses in a Young Orogenic Belt","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL054198","article-title":"Generic Dependence of the Frequency-Size Distribution of Earthquakes on Depth and Its Relation to the Strength Profile of the Crust","volume":"40","author":"Spada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04094","article-title":"Variations in Earthquake-Size Distribution across Different Stress Regimes","volume":"437","author":"Schorlemmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2021.117167","article-title":"Precursory Tidal Triggering and b Value Variation before the 2011 Mw 5.1 and 5.0 Tengchong, China Earthquakes","volume":"574","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023JB027413","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JB027413","article-title":"Physical Mechanism for a Temporal Decrease of the Gutenberg-Richter b-Value Prior to a Large Earthquake","volume":"128","author":"Ito","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid. Earth"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16867-5","article-title":"Were Changes in Stress State Responsible for the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquakes?","volume":"11","author":"Nanjo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022GL099247","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL099247","article-title":"Linking Earthquake Magnitude-Frequency Statistics and Stress in Visco-Frictional Fault Zone Models","volume":"49","author":"Beall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molchan, G. (2010). Space\u2014Time Earthquake Prediction: The Error Diagrams. Seismogenesis and Earthquake Forecasting: The Frank Evison Volume II, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0346-0500-7_5"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Chang, Y., Miao, M., Zeng, Z., Chen, H., Shi, H., Li, D., Liu, L., Su, Y., and Han, P. (2021). Assessing Earthquake Forecast Performance Based on b Value in Yunnan Province, China. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23060730"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hainzl, S., Kraft, T., Wassermann, J., Igel, H., and Schmedes, E. (2006). Evidence for Rainfall-Triggered Earthquake Activity. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027642"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003247","article-title":"Detecting Fluid Signals in Seismicity Data through Statistical Earthquake Modeling","volume":"110","author":"Hainzl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid. Earth"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1785\/0220200088","article-title":"Modeling the Spatiotemporal Seismicity Patterns of the Longmen Shan Fault Zone Based on the Coulomb Rate and State Model","volume":"92","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB015656","article-title":"Constitutive Law for Earthquake Production Based on Rate-and-State Friction: Dieterich 1994 Revisited","volume":"123","author":"Heimisson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmstetter, A., and Shaw, B.E. (2009). Afterslip and Aftershocks in the Rate-and-State Friction Law. J. Geophys. Res. Solid. Earth, 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005077"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(92)90055-B","article-title":"Earthquake Nucleation on Faults with Rate-and State-Dependent Strength","volume":"211","author":"Dieterich","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013266","article-title":"Objective Estimation of Spatially Variable Parameters of Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence Model: Application to California","volume":"122","author":"Nandan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid. Earth"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggab098","article-title":"On the Relationship between Strain Rate and Seismicity in the India\u2013Asia Collision Zone: Implications for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard","volume":"226","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2016.02.049","article-title":"Background Rates of Swarm Earthquakes That Are Synchronized with Volumetric Strain Changes","volume":"442","author":"Kumazawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JB022175","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022175","article-title":"Frequency-Magnitude Statistics of Laboratory Foreshocks Vary with Shear Velocity, Fault Slip Rate, and Shear Stress","volume":"126","author":"Bolton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid. Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-022-01669-4","article-title":"Prediction and Validation of Short-to-Long-Term Earthquake Probabilities in Inland Japan Using the Hierarchical Space\u2013Time ETAS and Space\u2013Time Poisson Process Models","volume":"74","author":"Ogata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-063016-015918","article-title":"Statistics of Earthquake Activity: Models and Methods for Earthquake Predictability Studies","volume":"45","author":"Ogata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4081\/rg.2012.e8","article-title":"Long-Term Earthquake Forecasts Based on the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) Model for Short-Term Clustering","volume":"2","author":"Zhuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1785\/0120190066","article-title":"Long-Term Earthquake Hazard in North China Estimated from a Modern Catalog","volume":"109","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"288","article-title":"Research on Minimum Magnitude of Completeness for Earthquake Catalogue in Yunnan Region","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Seismol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ogata, Y., Katsura, K., Tanemura, M., Harte, D., and Zhuang, J. (2025, January 12). Hierarchical Space-Time Point-Process Models (HIST-PPM): Software Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/bemlar.ism.ac.jp\/ogata\/HIST-PPM-V3\/manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1991.tb02499.x","article-title":"3-D Spatial Variation of B-Values of Magnitude-Frequency Distribution Beneath the Kanto District, Japan","volume":"104","author":"Ogata","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04663.x","article-title":"Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity of Magnitude Frequency Distribution Inferred from Earthquake Catalogues","volume":"113","author":"Ogata","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"143","article-title":"Likelihood and Bayes Procedure","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Bernardo","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bayesian Statistics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502760046925","article-title":"Stochastic Declustering of Space-Time Earthquake Occurrences","volume":"97","author":"Zhuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9201(90)90097-H","article-title":"Strategies in Strong Earthquake Prediction","volume":"61","author":"Molchan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Earth Planet. Inter."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(91)90336-Q","article-title":"Structure of Optimal Strategies in Earthquake Prediction","volume":"193","author":"Molchan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Han, P., and Hattori, K. (2022). Recent Advances and Challenges in the Seismo-Electromagnetic Study: A Brief Review. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14225893"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw404","article-title":"Evaluation of ULF Seismo-Magnetic Phenomena in Kakioka, Japan by Using Molchan\u2019s Error Diagram","volume":"208","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1606-4","article-title":"Real-Time Discrimination of Earthquake Foreshocks and Aftershocks","volume":"574","author":"Gulia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi8032","article-title":"Reliable Earthquake Precursors?","volume":"381","author":"Brgmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulinets, S., and Herrera, V.M.V. (2024). Earthquake Precursors: The Physics, Identification, and Application. Geosciences, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences14080209"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Chang, Y., Han, P., Miao, M., Zeng, Z., Shi, H., Li, D., Liu, L., and Su, Y. (2023). Optimized Traffic Light System with AIC and Application to the 2021 M6.7 Yangbi Earthquake Sequence. Entropy, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/e25050759"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, P., Zhuang, J., Hattori, K., Chen, C.-H., Febriani, F., Chen, H., Yoshino, C., and Yoshida, S. (2020). Assessing the Potential Earthquake Precursory Information in ULF Magnetic Data Recorded in Kanto, Japan during 2000\u20132010: Distance and Magnitude Dependences. Entropy, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/e22080859"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GC008515","article-title":"The Generic Mapping Tools Version 6","volume":"20","author":"Wessel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."}],"container-title":["Entropy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/2\/205\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:35:22Z","timestamp":1760027722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1099-4300\/27\/2\/205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["e27020205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/e27020205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-4300"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-4300"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]}}}