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attention as it enables large language models (LLMs) to iteratively enhance their capabilities through simulated interactions with themselves, transforming a weak LLM into a strong one. However, applying SPIN to fine-tune text-to-SQL models presents substantial challenges. Notably, existing frameworks lack clear signal feedback during the training process and fail to adequately capture the implicit schema-linking characteristics between natural language questions and databases. To address these issues, we propose a novel self-play fine-tuning method for text-to-SQL models, termed ExSPIN, which incorporates explicit feedback. Specifically, during fine-tuning, the SQL query execution results predicted by the LLM are fed back into the model\u2019s parameter update process. This feedback allows both the main player and the opponent to more accurately distinguish between negative and positive samples, thereby improving the fine-tuning outcomes. Additionally, we employ in-context learning techniques to provide explicit schema hints, enabling the LLM to better understand the schema-linking between the database and natural language queries during the self-play process. Evaluations on two real-world datasets show that our method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27030235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1740454812000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["ExSPIN: Explicit Feedback-Based Self-Play Fine-Tuning for Text-to-SQL Parsing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Liang","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Inspur Cloud Information Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cyberspace and Data Security, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoming","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiyi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cyberspace and Data Security, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 100010, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Qin, B., Hui, B., Wang, L., Yang, M., Li, J., Li, B., Geng, R., Cao, R., Sun, J., and Si, L. 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