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The models under consideration can be categorized into three distinct groups based on the level at which quantum mechanics might operate within the brain: those suggesting that consciousness arises from electron delocalization within microtubules inside neurons, those proposing it emerges from the electromagnetic field surrounding the entire neural network, and those positing it originates from the interactions between individual neurons governed by neurotransmitter molecules. Our focus is particularly on the Posner model of cognition, for which we provide preliminary calculations on the preservation of entanglement of phosphate molecules within the geometric structure of Posner clusters. These findings provide valuable insights into how quantum information theory can enhance our understanding of brain functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27030243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1740627477000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Quantum Models of Consciousness from a Quantum Information Science Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Gassab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9167-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onur","family":"Pusuluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul 34083, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-5286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 43, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9134-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr E.","family":"M\u00fcstecapl\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Ko\u00e7 University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey"},{"name":"T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences, Gebze 41470, Turkey"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478259","article-title":"A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity","volume":"5","author":"McCulloch","year":"1943","journal-title":"Bull. Math. 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