{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T12:24:11Z","timestamp":1781007851653,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["851255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2021-001164-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021-001164-M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Mar\u00eda de Maeztu project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["851255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Mar\u00eda de Maeztu project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2021-001164-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021-001164-M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a novel approach for quantifying deviations from Gaussianity by leveraging the Jensen\u2013Shannon distance. Using stable distributions as a flexible framework, we analyze the effects of skewness and heavy tails in synthetic sequences. We employ phase-randomized surrogates as Gaussian references to systematically evaluate the statistical distance between this reference and stable distributions. Our methodology is validated using real flight delay datasets from major airports in Europe and the United States, revealing significant deviations from Gaussianity, particularly at high-traffic airports. These results highlight systematic air traffic management strategy differences between the two geographic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27040354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:36:48Z","timestamp":1743136608000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantifying Deviations from Gaussianity with Application to Flight Delay Distributions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6212-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Olivares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (CSIC\u2013UIB), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5839-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Zanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de F\u00edsica Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos (CSIC\u2013UIB), Campus UIB, 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2015.09.002","article-title":"Complexity testing techniques for time series data: A comprehensive literature review","volume":"81","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2011.12.033","article-title":"Ambiguities in Bandt\u2013Pompe\u2019s methodology for local entropic quantifiers","volume":"391","author":"Olivares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. 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