{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:33:10Z","timestamp":1769009590140,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"WoodNext Foundation","award":["AWD-104384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-104384"]}]},{"name":"WoodNext Foundation","award":["PID2020-112796RB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112796RB-C22"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades\u2014Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["AWD-104384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-104384"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades\u2014Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["PID2020-112796RB-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-112796RB-C22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors present an in-depth theoretical study of two nonlinear circuits capable of transient thermal energy harvesting at one temperature. The first circuit has a storage capacitor and diode connected in series. The second circuit has three storage capacitors, and two diodes arranged for full wave rectification. The authors solve both Ito\u2013Langevin and Fokker\u2013Planck equations for both circuits using a large parameter space including capacitance values and diode quality. Surprisingly, using diodes one can harvest thermal energy at a single temperature by charging capacitors. However, this is a transient phenomenon. In equilibrium, the capacitor charge is zero, and this solution alone satisfies the second law of thermodynamics. The authors found that higher quality diodes provide more stored charge and longer lifetimes. Harvesting thermal energy from the ambient environment using diode nonlinearity requires capacitors to be charged but then disconnected from the circuit before they have time to discharge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27040374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T08:21:41Z","timestamp":1743495701000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transient Thermal Energy Harvesting at a Single Temperature Using Nonlinearity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6332-8625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamzeed B.","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2327-210X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"Mangum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9606-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md R.","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8185-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed M.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4777-7778","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Ashaduzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7417-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7687-8595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis L.","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoscience and Industrial Mathematics and Department of Mathematics, G. Mill\u00e1n Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1959-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Thibado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, A., Farhoudi, N., Ghosh, C., Mastrangelo, C.H., Kim, H., Broadbent, S.J., and Looper, R. (November, January 30). Picowatt gas sensing and resistance switching in gunneling nano-gap electrodes. 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