{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T12:09:09Z","timestamp":1779883749166,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Research Plan of Hubei Province","award":["2023BAA027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAA027"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Plan of Hubei Province","award":["2024BAB049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BAB049"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Plan of Hubei Province","award":["GJHZ20240218114659027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ20240218114659027"]}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development Plan of Hubei Province of China","award":["2023BAA027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAA027"]}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development Plan of Hubei Province of China","award":["2024BAB049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BAB049"]}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Development Plan of Hubei Province of China","award":["GJHZ20240218114659027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ20240218114659027"]}]},{"name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality of China","award":["2023BAA027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAA027"]}]},{"name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality of China","award":["2024BAB049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024BAB049"]}]},{"name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality of China","award":["GJHZ20240218114659027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ20240218114659027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we propose a single-state multi-party quantum key agreement (MQKA) protocol with single-particle measurement. Firstly, a single-state three-party quantum key agreement protocol with single-particle measurement is introduced, followed by a security analysis that validated its capability to resist potential internal and external attacks. Furthermore, we utilize multi-particle entangled states to present a multi-party version of the single-state multi-party quantum key agreement with single-particle measurement. In comparison to previous MQKA protocols, our approach presents the following advantages: it employs one kind of multi-particle entangled state as the quantum resource; eliminates the need for entanglement swapping techniques, unitary operations, or pre-shared keys between participants; uses only the X measurement basis and Z measurement basis; transmits fewer qubits; consumes fewer qubits; and has higher qubit efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27040405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T05:28:07Z","timestamp":1744262887000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single-State Multi-Party Quantum Key Agreement with Single-Particle Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2030-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Distributed System Security, Hubei Engineering Research Center on Big Data Security, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunbo","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology Research & Innovation, China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5661-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology Research & Innovation, China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology Research & Innovation, China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4489-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Distributed System Security, Hubei Engineering Research Center on Big Data Security, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6639-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengfu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai\u2019an 223003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bennett, C.H., and Brassard, G. 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