{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:24:50Z","timestamp":1760059490005,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DIUM\u2014Department of Excellence 2023\u201327"},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyse the results of three information retrieval tests on conceptual combinations that we have recently performed using corpora of Italian language. Each test has the form of a \u2018Bell-type test\u2019 and was aimed at identifying \u2018quantum entanglement\u2019 in the combination, or composition, of two concepts. In the first two tests, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal Acts, while in the third test, we studied the Italian translation of the combination The Animal eats the Food. We found a significant violation of Bell\u2019s inequalities in all tests. Empirical patterns confirm the results obtained with corpora of English language, which indicates the existence of deep structures in concept formation that are language independent. The systematic violation of Bell\u2019s inequalities suggests the presence of entanglement, and indeed, we elaborate here a \u2018quantum model in Hilbert space\u2019 for the collected data. This investigation supports our theoretical hypothesis about entanglement as a phenomenon of \u2018contextual updating\u2019, independent of the nature, micro-physical or conceptual-linguistic, of the entities involved. Finally, these findings allow us to further clarify the mutual relationships between entanglement, Cirel\u2019son\u2019s bound, and no-signalling in Bell-type situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27070656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T03:05:27Z","timestamp":1750388727000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bell\u2019s Inequalities and Entanglement in Corpora of Italian Language"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2266-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diederik","family":"Aerts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies (CLEA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Suzette","family":"Geriente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies (CLEA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7340-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Leporini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Bergamo, via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4338-3737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Sozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage (DIUM), Centre for Quantum Social and Cognitive Science (CQSCS), University of Udine, Vicolo Florio 2\/b, 33100 Udine, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.47.777","article-title":"Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?","volume":"47","author":"Einstein","year":"1935","journal-title":"Phys. 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