{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T08:07:13Z","timestamp":1761898033203,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PRIN 2022\/HNW5YL","PRIN PNRR\/P20222B5P9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2022\/HNW5YL","PRIN PNRR\/P20222B5P9"]}]},{"name":"Quantum Sensing and Modeling for One-Health (QuaSiModO)","award":["PRIN 2022\/HNW5YL","PRIN PNRR\/P20222B5P9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN 2022\/HNW5YL","PRIN PNRR\/P20222B5P9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigate a two-dimensional system of active Brownian dumbbells using molecular dynamics simulations. In this model, each dumbbell is driven by an active force oriented perpendicular to the axis connecting its two constituent beads. We characterize the resulting phase behavior and find that, across all values of activity, the system undergoes phase separation between dilute and dense phases. The dense phase exhibits hexatic order, and for large enough activity, we observe a marked increase in local polarization, with dumbbells predominantly oriented towards the interior of the clusters. Compared to the case of axially self-propelled dumbbells, we find that the binodal region is enlarged towards lower densities at all activities. This shift arises because dumbbells with transverse propulsion can more easily form stable cluster cores, serving as nucleation seeds, and show a highly suppressed escaping rate from the cluster boundary. Finally, we observe that clusters exhibit spontaneous rotation, with the modulus of the angular velocity scaling as \u03c9\u223crg\u22122, where rg is the cluster\u2019s radius of gyration. This contrasts with axially propelled dumbbells, where the scaling follows \u03c9\u223crg\u22121. We develop a simplified analytical model to rationalize this scaling behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27070692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:42:06Z","timestamp":1751355726000},"page":"692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transverse Self-Propulsion Enhances the Aggregation of Active Dumbbells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6567-9382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Digregorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4435-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Basilio","family":"Caporusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9128-8200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio Mauro","family":"Carenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gonnella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5152-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1755-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Negro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8273-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Suma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bechinger, C., Leonardo, R.D., L\u00f6wen, H., Reichhardt, C., Volpe, G., and Volpe, G. 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