{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T19:43:06Z","timestamp":1774035786748,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52271149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271149"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["24CL2901500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24CL2901500"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Shanghai Science and Technology","award":["52271149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271149"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Program of Shanghai Science and Technology","award":["24CL2901500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24CL2901500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimization of grain size distribution in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is a promising design strategy to overcome wear and corrosion resistance. In this study, a (FeCoNi)86Al7Ti7 high-entropy alloy with customized isometric and heterogeneous structure, as well as fine-crystal isometric design by SPS, is investigated for microstructure, surface morphology, hardness, frictional wear, and corrosion resistance. The effects of the SPS process on the microstructure and mechanical behavior are elucidated, and the frictional wear and corrosion resistance of the alloys are improved with heterogeneous structural fine-grain strengthening and uniform fine-grain strengthening. The wear mechanisms and corrosion behavior mechanisms of (FeCoNi)86Al7Ti7 HEAs with different phase structure designs are elaborated. This work highlights the potential of using powder metallurgy to efficiently and precisely control and optimize the multi-scale microstructure of high-entropy alloys, thereby improving their frictional wear and corrosion properties in demanding applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27070747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T11:52:58Z","timestamp":1752580378000},"page":"747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Grain Size Distribution on Frictional Wear and Corrosion Properties of (FeCoNi)86Al7Ti7 High-Entropy Alloys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Qinhu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiqiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiguang","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunqi","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhibo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongji","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yandong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Materials for Advanced Nuclear Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5644-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konda Gokuldoss","family":"Prashanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602117, India"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200300567","article-title":"Nanostructured High-Entropy Alloys with Multiple Principal Elements: Novel Alloy Design Concepts and Outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. 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