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Science and Technology Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["202203021222133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202203021222133"]}]},{"name":"Central Guiding Fund for Local Science and Technology Development Project of Shanxi Province","award":["DZJSX2025D015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZJSX2025D015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Secure communication is critically dependent on high-speed and high-security quantum random number generation (QRNG). In this work, we present a responsive approach to enhance the efficiency and security of QRNG by leveraging polarization-controlled heterodyne detection to simultaneously measure the quadrature amplitude and phase fluctuations of vacuum shot noise. To address the practical non-idealities inherent in QRNG systems, we investigate the critical impacts of imbalanced heterodyne detection, amplitude\u2013phase overlap, finite-size effects, and security parameters on quantum conditional min-entropy derived from the entropy uncertainty principle. It effectively mitigates the overestimation of randomness and fortifies the system against potential eavesdropping attacks. For a high-security parameter of 10\u221220, QRNG achieves a true random bit extraction ratio of 83.16% with a corresponding real-time speed of 37.25 Gbps following a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter quantization and 1.4 GHz bandwidth extraction. Furthermore, we develop a deep convolutional neural network for rapid and accurate entropy evaluation. The entropy evaluation of 13,473 sets of quadrature data is processed in 68.89 s with a mean absolute percentage error of 0.004, achieving an acceleration of two orders of magnitude in evaluation speed. Extracting the shot noise with full detection bandwidth, the generation rate of QRNG using dual-quadrature heterodyne detection exceeds 85 Gbps. The research contributes to advancing the practical deployment of QRNG and expediting rapid entropy assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27080786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T15:19:22Z","timestamp":1753370362000},"page":"786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deep Learning-Based Min-Entropy-Accelerated Evaluation for High-Speed Quantum Random Number Generation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3559-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Wenhe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Yaoxing","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7283-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-8634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liantuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Physics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"050506","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.129.050506","article-title":"Certified randomness from untrusted sources and uncharacterized measurements","volume":"129","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. 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