{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T06:26:33Z","timestamp":1780986393898,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia","award":["2025AAC030012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AAC030012"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia","award":["11764002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11764002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia","award":["YCX 24340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX 24340"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia","award":["2024CXTD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025AAC030012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AAC030012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11764002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11764002"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YCX 24340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX 24340"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024CXTD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD001"]}]},{"name":"Graduate student Innovative Project of North Minzu University","award":["2025AAC030012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AAC030012"]}]},{"name":"Graduate student Innovative Project of North Minzu University","award":["11764002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11764002"]}]},{"name":"Graduate student Innovative Project of North Minzu University","award":["YCX 24340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX 24340"]}]},{"name":"Graduate student Innovative Project of North Minzu University","award":["2024CXTD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD001"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Ningxia","award":["2025AAC030012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AAC030012"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Ningxia","award":["11764002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11764002"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Ningxia","award":["YCX 24340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX 24340"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Ningxia","award":["2024CXTD001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind turbines operate under harsh conditions, heightening the risk of rotating bearing failures. While fault diagnosis using acoustic or vibration signals is feasible, single-modal methods are highly vulnerable to environmental noise and system uncertainty, reducing diagnostic accuracy. Existing multi-modal approaches also struggle with noise interference and lack causal feature exploration, limiting fusion performance and generalization. To address these issues, this paper proposes CAVF-Net\u2014a novel framework integrating bidirectional cross-attention (BCA) and causal inference (CI). It enhances Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) of acoustic and short-time Fourier transform (STFT) features of vibration via BCA and employs CI to derive adaptive fusion weights, effectively preserving causal relationships and achieving robust cross-modal integration. The fused features are classified for fault diagnosis under real-world conditions. Experiments show that CAVF-Net attains 99.2% accuracy with few iterations on clean data and maintains 95.42% accuracy in high-entropy multi-noise environments\u2014outperforming single-model acoustic and vibration by 16.32% and 8.86%, respectively, while significantly reducing information uncertainty in downstream classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27090951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T08:56:46Z","timestamp":1758013006000},"page":"951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Rotating Bearing Based on Multi-Mode Signal Enhancement and Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3319-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohu","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"College of Mechatronic Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China"},{"name":"Ningxia Engineering Research Center for Hybrid Manufacturing Systems, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2634-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Wind Energy Council (2024). 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