{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:56:18Z","timestamp":1779933378772,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC2909505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2909505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42404063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42404063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515010784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515010784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26249060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26249060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFC2909505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2909505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42404063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42404063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515010784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515010784"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26249060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26249060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2024YFC2909505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2909505"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42404063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42404063"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2025A1515010784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515010784"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["26249060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26249060"]}]},{"name":"Grand-in-Aids for Scientific Research of Japan Society for Promotion of Science","award":["2024YFC2909505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2909505"]}]},{"name":"Grand-in-Aids for Scientific Research of Japan Society for Promotion of Science","award":["42404063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42404063"]}]},{"name":"Grand-in-Aids for Scientific Research of Japan Society for Promotion of Science","award":["2025A1515010784"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515010784"]}]},{"name":"Grand-in-Aids for Scientific Research of Japan Society for Promotion of Science","award":["26249060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26249060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earthquake forecast and risk assessment are of key importance in reducing casualties and property losses. However, they have not been fully achieved due to the complexity of earthquakes. Numerous studies have explored the correspondence of the b-value with changes in effective stress, leveraging temporal and spatial variations to identify precursor characteristics of destructive events in both natural and induced seismic activities. However, robust interpretation of predictive b-values hinges on rigorous estimation, as biased results can mislead conclusions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of spatiotemporal b-value estimation methods alongside statistical significance tests. A pilot b-value analysis of natural earthquakes and induced seismicity manifested the valid impression. The expansion of monitoring datasets with the development of acquisition technology or dense array and advanced estimation methodology will augment the utility of b-value analysis in seismic research and hazard assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27090958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T08:56:46Z","timestamp":1758013006000},"page":"958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["b-Value Evaluation and Applications to Seismic Hazard Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7539-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mining Engineering, BGRIMM Technology Group, Beijing 100160, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9235-2657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geophysical High-Resolution Imaging Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geophysical High-Resolution Imaging Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1181-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geophysical High-Resolution Imaging Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4359-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Deep Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geophysical High-Resolution Imaging Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Earthquake Agency, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changsheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyuan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Earthquake Networks Center, Beijing 100045, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6880-406X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsumi","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0340040185","article-title":"Frequency of earthquakes in California","volume":"34","author":"Gutenberg","year":"1944","journal-title":"Bull. 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