{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T11:10:13Z","timestamp":1758885013069,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Tackling Key Problems in Henan Province","award":["252102210178","252102110182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102210178","252102110182"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province","award":["YJS2025ZX10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJS2025ZX10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Through the analysis of \u201cThree-party semi-quantum protocol for deterministic secure quantum dialogue based on GHZ states\u201d, we demonstrate that the protocol is vulnerable to attacks from dishonest participants. Specifically, the fully quantum-capable participant may behave dishonestly, leading the two semi-quantum participants to receive incorrect secret information, with the dishonest behavior remaining undetected. Accordingly, we propose an improved protocol that demonstrates robustness against various internal and external attacks, including dishonest participant attacks, and we further prove that it does not suffer from information leakage. Moreover, compared to the original protocol, the improved version achieves a significant enhancement in quantum communication efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27101002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T10:39:37Z","timestamp":1758883177000},"page":"1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improvement of Three-Party Semi-Quantum Protocol for Deterministic Secure Quantum Dialogue Based on GHZ States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Jun","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1455-2714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Software Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physleta.2004.06.009","article-title":"Quantum dialogue","volume":"328","author":"Nguyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. 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