{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:40:01Z","timestamp":1759135201546,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52502531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52502531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023QE214","ZR2025MS765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QE214","ZR2025MS765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although Lempel\u2013Ziv complexity (LZC) can reflect changes in object characteristics by measuring changes in independent patterns in the signal, it can only be applied to one-dimensional time series and cannot be directly applied to two-dimensional images. To address this issue, this paper proposed a two-dimensional Lempel\u2013Ziv complexity by combining the concept of local receptive field in convolutional neural networks. This extends the application scenario of LZC from one-dimensional time series to two-dimensional images, further broadening the scope of application of LZC. First, the pixels and size of the image were normalized. Then, the image was encoded according to the sorting of normalized values within the 4 \u00d7 4 region. Next, the encoding result of the image was rearranged into a vector by row. Finally, the Lempel\u2013Ziv complexity of the image could be obtained based on the rearranged vector. The proposed method was further used for defect detection in conjunction with the dilation operator and Sobel operator, and validated by two practical cases. The results showed that the proposed method can effectively identify independent pattern changes in images and can be used for defect detection. The accuracy rate of defect detection can reach 100%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27101014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1759132832000},"page":"1014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Two-Dimensional Image Lempel\u2013Ziv Complexity Calculation Method and Its Application in Defect Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0844-4418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Sui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"given":"Xuye","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4794-0107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlong","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-9951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Modern Agricultural Equipment Research Institute, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.102152","article-title":"Multivariate multiscale dispersion Lempel-Ziv complexity for fault diagnosis of machinery with multiple channels","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. 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