{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T15:36:07Z","timestamp":1775057767616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010446","name":"Institute for Basic Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IBS-R024-D1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBS-R024-D1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Entropy"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lindbladian formalism models open quantum systems using a \u2018bottom-up\u2019 approach, deriving linear dynamics from system\u2013environment interactions. We present a \u2018top-down\u2019 approach starting with phenomenological constraints, focusing on a system\u2019s structure, subsystems\u2019 interactions, and environmental effects and often using a non-equilibrium variational principle designed to enforce strict thermodynamic consistency. However, incorporating the second law\u2019s requirement\u2014that Gibbs states are the sole stable equilibria\u2014necessitates nonlinear dynamics, challenging no-signaling principles in composite systems. We reintroduce \u2018local perception operators\u2019 and show that they allow to model signaling-free non-local effects. Using the steepest-entropy-ascent variational principle as an example, we demonstrate the validity of the \u2018top-down\u2019 approach for integrating quantum mechanics and thermodynamics in phenomenological models, with potential applications in quantum computing and resource theories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/e27101018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:00:32Z","timestamp":1759132832000},"page":"1018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["No-Signaling in Steepest Entropy Ascent: A Nonlinear, Non-Local, Non-Equilibrium Quantum Dynamics of Composite Systems Strongly Compatible with the Second Law"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit Kishan","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Material Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"},{"name":"Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9302-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Paolo","family":"Beretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5096173","article-title":"Quantum Thermodynamics and Open-Systems Modeling","volume":"150","author":"Kosloff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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